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Author |
Vetter, C. |
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Title |
Circadian disruption: What do we actually mean? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
The European Journal of Neuroscience |
Abbreviated Journal |
Eur J Neurosci |
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Volume |
in press |
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Pages |
in press |
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Keywords |
Human Health; Review |
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Abstract |
The circadian system regulates physiology and behavior. Acute challenges to the system, such as those experienced during travel across time zones, will eventually result in re-synchronization to the local environmental time cues, but this re-synchronization is oftentimes accompanied by adverse short-term consequences. When such challenges are experienced chronically, adaptation may not be achieved, as for example in the case of rotating night shift workers. The transient and chronic disturbance of the circadian system is most frequently referred to as “circadian disruption”, but many other terms have been proposed and used to refer to similar situations. It is now beyond doubt that the circadian system contributes to health and disease, emphasizing the need for clear terminology when describing challenges to the circadian system and their consequences. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the terms used to describe disruption of the circadian system, discuss proposed quantifications of disruption in experimental and observational settings with a focus on human research, and highlight limitations and challenges of currently available tools. For circadian research to advance as a translational science, clear, operationalizable, and scalable quantifications of circadian disruption are key, as they will enable improved assessment and reproducibility of results, ideally ranging from mechanistic settings, including animal research, to large-scale randomized clinical trials. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. |
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Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA |
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0953-816X |
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PMID:30402904 |
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no |
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Call Number |
GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2057 |
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Author |
Gaston, K.J. |
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Title |
Lighting up the nighttime |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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Volume |
362 |
Issue |
6416 |
Pages |
744-746 |
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Commentary |
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Abstract |
Among the most visually compelling images of the whole Earth have been those created using data obtained at night by astronauts or from satellites. The proliferation in use of electric lighting—including from industrial, commercial, municipal, and domestic sources—is striking. It sketches the spatial distribution of much of the human population, outlining a substantial proportion of the world's coastline, highlighting a multitude of towns and cities, and drawing the major highways that connect them. The data embodied in these nighttime images have been used to estimate and map levels of energy use, urbanization, and economic activity. They have also been key in focusing attention on the environmental impacts of the artificial light at night itself. Explicit steps need to be taken to limit these impacts, which vary according to the intensity, spectrum, spatial extent, and temporal dynamics of this lighting. |
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Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK. k.j.gaston@exeter.ac.uk |
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0036-8075 |
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PMID:30442788 |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2058 |
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Shima, J.S.; Swearer, S.E. |
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Title |
Moonlight enhances growth in larval fish |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ecology |
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in press |
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Keywords |
Animals; Moonlight |
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Moonlight mediates trophic interactions and shapes the evolution of life-history strategies for nocturnal organisms. Reproductive cycles and important life-history transitions for many marine organisms coincide with moon phases, but few studies consider the effects of moonlight on pelagic larvae at sea. We evaluated effects of moonlight on growth of pelagic larvae of a temperate reef fish using 'master chronologies' of larval growth constructed from age-independent daily increment widths recorded in otoliths of 321 individuals. We found that daily growth rates of fish larvae were enhanced by lunar illumination after controlling for the positive influence of temperature and the negative influence of cloud cover. Collectively, these results indicate that moonlight enhances growth rates of larval fish. This pattern is likely the result of moonlight's combined effects on foraging efficiency and suppression of diel migrations of mesopelagic predators, and has the potential to drive evolution of marine life histories. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. |
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School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia |
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0012-9658 |
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PMID:30422325 |
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no |
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Call Number |
GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2059 |
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Author |
Min, J.-young; Min, K.-bok |
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Title |
Outdoor Artificial Nighttime Light and Use of Hypnotic Medications in Older Adults: A Population-Based Cohort Study |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine |
Abbreviated Journal |
Jcsm |
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Volume |
14 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
1903-1910 |
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Keywords |
Human Health; Remote Sensing |
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Abstract |
Study Objectives
Outdoor artificial nighttime light is increasingly recognized as a form of environmental pollution. Excessive nighttime light exposure, whether from indoor or outdoor sources, has been associated with a number of deleterious effects on human health. We performed a population-based cohort study in South Korea to assess the possible association between outdoor nocturnal lighting and insomnia in older adults, as measured by prescriptions for hypnotic drugs.
Methods
This study used data from the 2002–2013 National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC), and a total of 52,027 adults who were age 60 years or older were included in the study. Light data were based on satellite mapping of artificial light. The usage data of two hypnotic drugs, zolpidem (N05CF02) and triazolam (N05CD05), were extracted from the NHIS-NSC records.
Results
Of the 52,027 patients in this cohort, 11,738 (22%) had prescriptions for hypnotic drugs. Increasing outdoor artificial nighttime light exposure (stratified by quartile) was associated with an increased prevalence of hypnotic prescriptions and daily dose intake. Compared with individuals in the lowest quartile 1, the regression coefficients for prescription days and daily defined doses of all hypnotic drugs and certain hypotonic drugs were significantly higher among those living in areas with higher outdoor artificial nighttime light (quartiles 2 through 4).
Conclusions
Outdoor artificial nighttime light exposure was significantly associated with prescription of hypnotic drugs in older adults. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that outdoor artificial nighttime light may cause sleep disturbances. |
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1550-9389 |
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no |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2060 |
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Author |
Cravens, Z.M.; Boyles, J.G. |
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Title |
Illuminating the physiological implications of artificial light on an insectivorous bat community |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Oecologia |
Abbreviated Journal |
Oecologia |
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Volume |
in press |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
Animals |
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Abstract |
Global light pollution threatens to disturb numerous wildlife species, but impacts of artificial light will likely vary among species within a community. Thus, artificial lights may change the environment in such a way as to create winners and losers as some species benefit while others do not. Insectivorous bats are nocturnal and a good model to test for differential effects of light pollution on a single community. We used a physiological technique to address this community-level question by measuring plasma ss-hydroxybutyrate (a blood metabolite) concentrations from six species of insectivorous bats in lit and unlit conditions. We also recorded bat calls acoustically to measure activity levels between experimental conditions. Blood metabolite level and acoustic activity data suggest species-specific changes in foraging around lights. In red bats (Lasiurus borealis), ss-hydroxybutyrate levels at lit sites were highest early in the night before decreasing. Acoustic data indicate pronounced peaks in activity at lit sites early in the night. In red bats on dark nights and in the other species in this community, which seem to avoid lights, ss-hydroxybutyrate remained relatively constant. Our results suggest red bats are more willing to expend energy to actively forage around lights despite potential negative impacts, while other, generally rarer species avoid lit areas. Artificial light appears to have a bifurcating effect on bat communities, whereby some species take advantage of concentrated prey resources, yet most do not. Further, this may concentrate light-intolerant species into limited dark refugia, thereby increasing competition for depauperate, phototactic insect communities. |
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Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA |
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0029-8549 |
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PMID:30446844 |
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Call Number |
GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2061 |
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