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Gaston, K.J.; Davies, T.W.; Nedelec, S.L.; Holt, L.A. |
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Title |
Impacts of Artificial Light at Night on Biological Timings |
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2017 |
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Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. |
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48 |
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1 |
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49-68 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Plants; Review |
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The use of artificial lighting to illuminate the night has provided substantial benefits to humankind. It has also disrupted natural daily, seasonal, and lunar light cycles as experienced by a diversity of organisms, and hence it has also altered cues for the timings of many biological activities. Here we review the evidence for impacts of artificial nighttime lighting on these timings. Although the examples are scattered, concerning a wide variety of species and environments, the breadth of such impacts is compelling. Indeed, it seems reasonable to conclude that the vast majority of impacts of artificial nighttime lighting stem from effects on biological timings. This adds support to arguments that artificial nighttime lighting has a quite pervasive and marked impact on ecological systems, that the rapid expansion in the global extent of both direct illuminance and skyglow is thus of significant concern, and that a widespread implementation of mitigation measures is required. |
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1543-592X |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2449 |
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David, A.; Smet, K.A.G.; Whitehead, L. |
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Title |
Methods for Assessing Quantity and Quality of Illumination |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2019 |
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Annual Review of Vision Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Annu Rev Vis Sci |
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5 |
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479-502 |
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Keywords |
Vision; Review; Photometry; Colorimetry |
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Human vision provides useful information about the shape and color of the objects around us. It works well in many, but not all, lighting conditions. Since the advent of human-made light sources, it has been important to understand how illumination affects vision quality, but this has been surprisingly difficult. The widespread introduction of solid-state light emitters has increased the urgency of this problem. Experts still debate how lighting can best enable high-quality vision-a key issue since about one-fifth of global electrical power production is used to make light. Photometry, the measurement of the visual quantity of light, is well established, yet significant uncertainties remain. Colorimetry, the measurement of color, has achieved good reproducibility, but researchers still struggle to understand how illumination can best enable high-quality color vision. Fortunately, in recent years, considerable progress has been made. Here, we summarize the current understanding and discuss key areas for future study. |
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1, Canada; email: lorne.whitehead@ubc.ca |
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English |
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2374-4642 |
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PMID:31226013 |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2576 |
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Mirzakhalil, S.H.; Bidgoli, S.A. |
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A Photographic Investigation of Tehran's Light Pollution from North and East Directions |
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2017 |
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Anthropogenic Pollution |
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1 |
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1 |
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18-24 |
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Skygow |
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Tehran is the most affected town by light pollution in Iran. In this study, the role of the regional topography in the distribution of light pollution in Tehran was evaluated using digital images recording and analyzing the obtained images from Tehran sky-glow by East and South in standard image-processing Software. The scale of Tehran's glowing =dome as measured by 17 mag/arc sec2 or 0.017 cd/m2 by South, and 18.7 (mag/arc sec2) or 0.0035 cd/m2 by East. Considering the approximately equal distance of the two viewpoints from the center of Tehran city, the calculated scale by South is 1.36 times larger than the amount from the East point. |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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3047 |
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Linda, G.; Josh, D.; Daniela, A.; Line, L.; Sebastian, M.B. |
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Title |
The Effect of Altering Routine Husbandry Factors on Sleep Duration and Memory Consolidation in the Horse |
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Year |
2021 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
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in press |
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105229 |
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Animals |
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Sleep is a critically important behaviour for all mammals due to its fundamental role within homeostatic/circadian systems and memory consolidation. As a large and vigilant prey species that is highly sensitive to stimuli at night, the horse sleeps less than other mammalian species. For this reason, the domestic environment has the potential to greatly affect the duration and quality of equine sleep. This study aimed to determine the effect of environmental factors on equine sleep stages, and whether this would influence cognitive performance during a spatial memory task. Ten riding school horses (mixed breed/ height/ sex; average age 14.9 + 2.4 years) were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 5) within a five-week crossover repeated measures design experiment. Each group experienced a combination of one of two light conditions (lights on = Treatment; lights off = Control), and one of two bedding depth treatments (15 cm bed = control; 5 cm bed = treatment) for six days. Duration of sleep stage behaviours (standing Non-Rapid Eye Movement [NREM]), sternal NREM, sternal Rapid Eye Movement [REM] and lateral REM) were measured continuously using CCTV infrared cameras. For the spatial memory task, latency, number of correct responses, and differences between these parameters during training and testing days were measured. A repeated measures general linear model assessed the effects of treatment conditions on duration of sleep stage, and changes in sleep stage over time (bedding and light set as within-subject factors). Wilcoxon Signed-Rank and paired t-tests determined differences in memory task parameters between treatments. Comparing Treatment Bedding with Control Bedding conditions, horses spent on average significantly less time in lateral REM (0.34 ± 0.12 versus 0.46 ± 0.13 hrs; p = 0.032) and sternal NREM (0.64 ± 0.10 versus 0.80 ± 0.12 hrs; p = 0.007), and significantly more time in standing NREM (3.69 ± 0.76 versus 3.17 ± 0.77; p = 0.024). Only sternal REM was significantly affected during the Treatment Light condition compared to control conditions (0.53 ± 0.07 versus 0.67 ± 0.11; p = 0.031). Interactions between day and treatment were apparent for specific sleep stage behaviours indicative of acclimatisation. No significant effects (p > 0.05) of Treatment Light or Bedding conditions were detected for performance during the spatial memory test. Overall, horses exposed to sub-optimal conditions tended to display significantly less time in recumbent sleep stages (NREM and REM) and increased time in a standing NREM stage. The impact of reduced sleep on equine cognition requires further study. |
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0168-1591 |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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3248 |
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Author |
Hu, T.; Huang, X. |
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A novel locally adaptive method for modeling the spatiotemporal dynamics of global electric power consumption based on DMSP-OLS nighttime stable light data |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2019 |
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Applied Energy |
Abbreviated Journal |
Applied Energy |
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240 |
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778-792 |
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Remote Sensing |
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Timely and reliable estimation of electricity power consumption (EPC) is essential to the rational deployment of electricity power resources. Nighttime stable light (NSL) data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) have the potential to model global 1-km gridded EPC. A processing chain to estimate EPC includes: (1) NSL data correction; and (2) regression model between EPC statistics and NSL data. For the global gridded EPC estimation, the current approach is to correct the global NSL image in a uniform manner and establish the linear relationships between NSL and EPC. However, the impacts of local socioeconomic inconsistencies on the NSL correction and model establishment are not fully considered. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a novel locally adaptive method for global EPC estimation. Firstly, we set up two options (with or without the correction) for each local area considering the global NSL image is not saturated everywhere. Secondly, three directions (forward, backward, or average) are alternatives for the inter-annual correction to remove the discontinuity effect of NSL data. Thirdly, four optional models (linear, logarithmic, exponential, or second-order polynomial) are adopted for the EPC estimation of each local area with different socioeconomic dynamic. Finally, the options for each step constitute all candidate processing chains, from which the optimal one is adaptively chosen for each local area based on the coefficient of determination. The results demonstrate that our product outperforms the existing one, at global, continental, and national scales. Particularly, the proportion of countries/districts with a high accuracy (MARE (mean of the absolute relative error) ≤ 10%) increases from 17.8% to 57.8% and the percentage of countries/districts with inaccurate results (MARE > 50%) decreases sharply from 23.0% to 3.7%. This product can enhance the detailed understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of global EPC. |
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0306-2619 |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2242 |
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