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Author |
Sanders, D.; Frago, E.; Kehoe, R.; Patterson, C.; Gaston, K.J. |
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Title  |
A meta-analysis of biological impacts of artificial light at night |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Nature Ecology & Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nat Ecol Evol |
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Keywords |
Ecology; meta-analysis; biology |
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Abstract |
Natural light cycles are being eroded over large areas of the globe by the direct emissions and sky brightening that result from sources of artificial night-time light. This is predicted to affect wild organisms, particularly because of the central role that light regimes play in determining the timing of biological activity. Although many empirical studies have reported such effects, these have focused on particular species or local communities and have thus been unable to provide a general evaluation of the overall frequency and strength of these impacts. Using a new database of published studies, we show that exposure to artificial light at night induces strong responses for physiological measures, daily activity patterns and life history traits. We found particularly strong responses with regards to hormone levels, the onset of daily activity in diurnal species and life history traits, such as the number of offspring, predation, cognition and seafinding (in turtles). So far, few studies have focused on the impact of artificial light at night on ecosystem functions. The breadth and often strength of biological impacts we reveal highlight the need for outdoor artificial night-time lighting to be limited to the places and forms-such as timing, intensity and spectrum-where it is genuinely required by the people using it to minimize ecological impacts. |
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Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.; k.j.gaston ( at ) exeter.ac.uk |
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English |
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English |
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2397-334X |
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PMID:33139919 |
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IDA @ john @ |
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3197 |
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Author |
Fiorentin, P.; Boscaro, F. |
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Title |
A method for measuring the light output of video advertising reproduced by LED billboards |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Measurement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Measurement |
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138 |
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25-33 |
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Keywords |
Lighting; Energy; Instrumentation; Planning; Light-emitting diode displays; Photometry; Video recording; Image analysis; CCD image sensors; Luminance; Glare |
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Abstract |
Improving knowledge of the light output of digital billboards is important to better assess their effect on driver distraction when they are installed along roads. In this work the emission of an LED based billboard is measured when playing advertising video-clips. In particular the average and the maximum values of the luminance are evaluated. The same video-clips are also analyzed when shown on an LCD monitor, aiming at separating the variability of the videos and of the playing device. The results allow to evaluate an utilization factor of the billboard: the videos have an average luminance around 11% and a peak luminance of 35% of the maximum luminance obtainable from the billboard. The power consumption of the billboard is measured, aside the photometric analysis. The luminance of the device are found linearly dependent on both the power and the effective current absorbed by the device from the grid, with a discrepancy within 6%. It could be a useful information for billboard manufacturers to qualify their product when they do not own photometric instruments. |
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Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; pietro.fiorentin(at)unipd.it |
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Elsevier |
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English |
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English |
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0263-2241 |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2214 |
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Author |
Salat, H.; Smoreda, Z.; Schlapfer, M. |
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Title |
A method to estimate population densities and electricity consumption from mobile phone data in developing countries |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2020 |
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PloS one |
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PLoS One |
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15 |
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6 |
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e0235224 |
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Keywords |
Remote Sensing |
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High quality census data are not always available in developing countries. Instead, mobile phone data are becoming a popular proxy to evaluate the density, activity and social characteristics of a population. They offer additional advantages: they are updated in real-time, include mobility information and record visitors' activity. However, we show with the example of Senegal that the direct correlation between the average phone activity and both the population density and the nighttime lights intensity may be insufficiently high to provide an accurate representation of the situation. There are reasons to expect this, such as the heterogeneity of the market share or the particular granularity of the distribution of cell towers. In contrast, we present a method based on the daily, weekly and yearly phone activity curves and on the network characteristics of the mobile phone data, that allows to estimate more accurately such information without compromising people's privacy. This information can be vital for development and infrastructure planning. In particular, this method could help to reduce significantly the logistic costs of data collection in the particularly budget-constrained context of developing countries. |
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Future Cities Laboratory, Singapore-ETH Centre, ETH Zurich, Singapore, Singapore |
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1932-6203 |
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PMID:32603345 |
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no |
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Call Number |
GFZ @ kyba @ |
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3030 |
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Author |
Cho, M., Park, R., Yoon, J., Choi, Y., Jeong, J. I., Labzovskii, L., Fu, J. S., Huang, K., Jeong, S., & Kim, B. |
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Title |
A missing component of Arctic warming: Black carbon from gas flaring |
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Journal Article |
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2019 |
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Environmental Research Letters |
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Remote Sensing |
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Gas flaring during oil extraction over the Arctic region is the primary source of warming-inducing aerosols (e.g., black carbon (BC)) with a strong potential to affect regional climate change. Despite continual BC emissions near the Arctic Ocean via gas flaring, the climatic impacts of BC related to gas flaring remain uncertain. Here, we present simulations of potential gas flaring using an earth system model with comprehensive aerosol physics that to show that increases in BC from gas flaring can potentially explain a significant fraction of Arctic warming. BC emissions from gas flaring over high latitudes contribute to locally confined warming over the source region, especially during the Arctic spring through BC-induced local albedo reduction. This local warming invokes remote and temporally lagging sea-ice melting feedback processes over the Arctic Ocean during winter. Our findings imply that a regional change in anthropogenic aerosol forcing is capable of changing Arctic temperatures in regions far from the aerosol source via time-lagged, sea-ice-related Arctic physical processes. We suggest that both energy consumption and production processes can increase Arctic warming. |
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IDA @ intern @ |
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2645 |
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Author |
Shirkey, R. C. |
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Title |
A Model for Nighttime Urban Illumination |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
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Keywords |
Skyglow |
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Abstract |
The Army increasingly relies on night operations to accomplish its objectives. These night operations frequently require using Night Vision Goggles and other light-sensitive devices which are strongly affected by ambient lighting, a large component of which is urban. An urban illumination model is proposed for use in tactical decision aids and wargames which would allow for more accurate prediction of target acquisition ranges and increased realism in simulations. This model will build on previous research that predicts broadband brightness as a function of population and distance from the city center. Since city population and aerosols affect light distributions, the model is being extended and generalized for multiple city types and natural and man-made aerosols. An overview of the model along with future improvements will be presented. |
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ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE |
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ADA497505 |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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1977 |
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