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Author |
Shlesinger, T.; Loya, Y. |
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Title |
Breakdown in spawning synchrony: A silent threat to coral persistence |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2019 |
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Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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Volume  |
365 |
Issue |
6457 |
Pages |
1002-1007 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Coral |
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Abstract |
The impacts of human and natural disturbances on coral reefs are typically quantified through visible damage (e.g., reduced coral coverage as a result of bleaching events), but changes in environmental conditions may also cause damage in less visible ways. Despite the current paradigm, which suggests consistent, highly synchronized spawning events, corals that reproduce by broadcast spawning are particularly vulnerable because their reproductive phenology is governed by environmental cues. Here, we quantify coral spawning intensity during four annual reproductive seasons, alongside laboratory analyses at the polyp, colony, and population levels, and we demonstrate that, compared with historical data, several species from the Red Sea have lost their reproductive synchrony. Ultimately, such a synchrony breakdown reduces the probability of successful fertilization, leading to a dearth of new recruits, which may drive aging populations to extinction. |
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School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel |
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0036-8075 |
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PMID:31488683 |
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no |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2673 |
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Author |
Aboushelib, M.F.; Abozaid, A.A.; Nawar, S.; Hendy, Y.H.M.; Morcos, A.B. |
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Title |
Preliminary site selection for an observatory in the Egyptian Eastern Desert |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2019 |
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Astrophysics and Space Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Astrophys Space Sci |
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364 |
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10 |
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Keywords |
Skyglow |
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This work aims for choosing preliminary sites that can be candidates for a new astronomical observatory that will replace the Kottamia observatory. The candidate sites have been selected to be investigated after proposing a few criteria. Concerning light pollution and elevation of the sites as the main factors, we chose the candidate sites depending on the zenith sky brightness and the elevation. The night sky brightness has been measured using a Sky Quality Meter at different altitude degrees and the values of the zenith sky brightness were compared to those of different observatory sites. Our night sky brightness observations were found to be in agreement with the satellite’s data and comparable to those of dark sites, with average values of 22.07, 22.03, 21.57 and 21.58 magSQM/arcsec2. We also have obtained the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and extinction coefficient due to the aerosol for the candidate sites using satellite data (Terra/MODIS). |
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0004-640X |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2690 |
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Author |
Gaston, K.J. |
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Title |
Lighting up the nighttime |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2018 |
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Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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Volume |
362 |
Issue |
6416 |
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744-746 |
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Commentary |
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Among the most visually compelling images of the whole Earth have been those created using data obtained at night by astronauts or from satellites. The proliferation in use of electric lighting—including from industrial, commercial, municipal, and domestic sources—is striking. It sketches the spatial distribution of much of the human population, outlining a substantial proportion of the world's coastline, highlighting a multitude of towns and cities, and drawing the major highways that connect them. The data embodied in these nighttime images have been used to estimate and map levels of energy use, urbanization, and economic activity. They have also been key in focusing attention on the environmental impacts of the artificial light at night itself. Explicit steps need to be taken to limit these impacts, which vary according to the intensity, spectrum, spatial extent, and temporal dynamics of this lighting. |
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Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK. k.j.gaston@exeter.ac.uk |
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0036-8075 |
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PMID:30442788 |
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no |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2058 |
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Author |
Gaynor, K.M.; Hojnowski, C.E.; Carter, N.H.; Brashares, J.S. |
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Title |
The influence of human disturbance on wildlife nocturnality |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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Volume |
360 |
Issue |
6394 |
Pages |
1232-1235 |
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Rapid expansion of human activity has driven well-documented shifts in the spatial distribution of wildlife, but the cumulative effect of human disturbance on the temporal dynamics of animals has not been quantified. We examined anthropogenic effects on mammal diel activity patterns, conducting a meta-analysis of 76 studies of 62 species from six continents. Our global study revealed a strong effect of humans on daily patterns of wildlife activity. Animals increased their nocturnality by an average factor of 1.36 in response to human disturbance. This finding was consistent across continents, habitats, taxa, and human activities. As the global human footprint expands, temporal avoidance of humans may facilitate human-wildlife coexistence. However, such responses can result in marked shifts away from natural patterns of activity, with consequences for fitness, population persistence, community interactions, and evolution. |
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Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA |
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AAAS |
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0036-8075 |
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PMID:29903973 |
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IDA @ john @ |
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1988 |
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Author |
Bharti, N.; Tatem, A.J.; Ferrari, M.J.; Grais, R.F.; Djibo, A.; Grenfell, B.T. |
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Title |
Explaining seasonal fluctuations of measles in Niger using nighttime lights imagery |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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Volume |
334 |
Issue |
6061 |
Pages |
1424-1427 |
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Keywords |
Remote Sensing; Human Health; Cities; Emigration and Immigration; Epidemics; *Epidemiologic Methods; Humans; Light; Measles/*epidemiology/transmission; Niger/epidemiology; *Population Density; Remote Sensing Technology; *Seasons; Spacecraft |
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Measles epidemics in West Africa cause a significant proportion of vaccine-preventable childhood mortality. Epidemics are strongly seasonal, but the drivers of these fluctuations are poorly understood, which limits the predictability of outbreaks and the dynamic response to immunization. We show that measles seasonality can be explained by spatiotemporal changes in population density, which we measure by quantifying anthropogenic light from satellite imagery. We find that measles transmission and population density are highly correlated for three cities in Niger. With dynamic epidemic models, we demonstrate that measures of population density are essential for predicting epidemic progression at the city level and improving intervention strategies. In addition to epidemiological applications, the ability to measure fine-scale changes in population density has implications for public health, crisis management, and economic development. |
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Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. nbharti@princeton.edu |
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0036-8075 |
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PMID:22158822; PMCID:PMC3891598 |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2770 |
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