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Author |
Ulgezen, Z.N.; Kapyla, T.; Meerlo, P.; Spoelstra, K.; Visser, M.E.; Dominoni, D.M. |
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Title |
The preference and costs of sleeping under light at night in forest and urban great tits |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Proceedings. Biological Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc Biol Sci |
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Volume  |
286 |
Issue |
1905 |
Pages |
20190872 |
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Keywords |
Animals |
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Abstract |
Artificial light at night (ALAN) is an increasing phenomenon associated with worldwide urbanization. In birds, broad-spectrum white ALAN can have disruptive effects on activity patterns, metabolism, stress response and immune function. There has been growing research on whether the use of alternative light spectra can reduce these negative effects, but surprisingly, there has been no study to determine which light spectrum birds prefer. To test such a preference, we gave urban and forest great tits (Parus major) the choice where to roost using pairwise combinations of darkness, white light or green dim light at night (1.5 lux). Birds preferred to sleep under artificial light instead of darkness, and green was preferred over white light. In a subsequent experiment, we investigated the consequence of sleeping under a particular light condition, and measured birds' daily activity levels, daily energy expenditure (DEE), oxalic acid as a biomarker for sleep debt and cognitive abilities. White light affected activity patterns more than green light. Moreover, there was an origin-dependent response to spectral composition: in urban birds, the total daily activity and night activity did not differ between white and green light, while forest birds were more active under white than green light. We also found that individuals who slept under white and green light had higher DEE. However, there were no differences in oxalic acid levels or cognitive abilities between light treatments. Thus, we argue that in naive birds that had never encountered light at night, white light might disrupt circadian rhythms more than green light. However, it is possible that the negative effects of ALAN on sleep and cognition might be observed only under intensities higher than 1.5 lux. These results suggest that reducing the intensity of light pollution as well as tuning the spectrum towards long wavelengths may considerably reduce its impact. |
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5 Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK |
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0962-8452 |
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PMID:31213184; PMCID:PMC6599990 |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2557 |
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Kernbach, M.E.; Newhouse, D.J.; Miller, J.M.; Hall, R.J.; Gibbons, J.; Oberstaller, J.; Selechnik, D.; Jiang, R.H.Y.; Unnasch, T.R.; Balakrishnan, C.N.; Martin, L.B. |
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Title |
Light pollution increases West Nile virus competence of a ubiquitous passerine reservoir species |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Proceedings. Biological Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc Biol Sci |
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Volume |
286 |
Issue |
1907 |
Pages |
20191051 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Human Health; anthropogenic; ecoimmunology; host competence; light pollution; reservoir host |
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Abstract |
Among the many anthropogenic changes that impact humans and wildlife, one of the most pervasive but least understood is light pollution. Although detrimental physiological and behavioural effects resulting from exposure to light at night are widely appreciated, the impacts of light pollution on infectious disease risk have not been studied. Here, we demonstrate that artificial light at night (ALAN) extends the infectious-to-vector period of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), an urban-dwelling avian reservoir host of West Nile virus (WNV). Sparrows exposed to ALAN maintained transmissible viral titres for 2 days longer than controls but did not experience greater WNV-induced mortality during this window. Transcriptionally, ALAN altered the expression of gene regulatory networks including key hubs (OASL, PLBD1 and TRAP1) and effector genes known to affect WNV dissemination (SOCS). Despite mounting anti-viral immune responses earlier, transcriptomic signatures indicated that ALAN-exposed individuals probably experienced pathogen-induced damage and immunopathology, potentially due to evasion of immune effectors. A simple mathematical modelling exercise indicated that ALAN-induced increases of host infectious-to-vector period could increase WNV outbreak potential by approximately 41%. ALAN probably affects other host and vector traits relevant to transmission, and additional research is needed to advise the management of zoonotic diseases in light-polluted areas. |
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Center for Global Health Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA |
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0962-8452 |
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PMID:31337318; PMCID:PMC6661335 |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2611 |
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Dananay, K.L.; Benard, M.F. |
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Title |
Artificial light at night decreases metamorphic duration and juvenile growth in a widespread amphibian |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2018 |
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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. R. Soc. B |
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285 |
Issue |
1882 |
Pages |
20180367 |
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Keywords |
Animals |
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Artificial light at night (ALAN) affects over 20% of the earth's surface and is estimated to increase 6% per year. Most studies of ALAN have focused on a single mechanism or life stage. We tested for indirect and direct ALAN effects that occurred by altering American toads' (Anaxyrus americanus) ecological interactions or by altering toad development and growth, respectively. We conducted an experiment over two life stages using outdoor mesocosms and indoor terraria. In the first phase, the presence of ALAN reduced metamorphic duration and periphyton biomass. The effects of ALAN appeared to be mediated through direct effects on toad development, and we found no evidence for indirect effects of ALAN acting through altered ecological interactions or colonization. In the second phase, post-metamorphic toad growth was reduced by 15% in the ALAN treatment. Juvenile-stage ALAN also affected toad activity: in natural light, toads retreated into leaf litter at night whereas ALAN toads did not change behaviour. Carry-over effects of ALAN were also present; juvenile toads that had been exposed to larval ALAN exhibited marginally increased activity. In this time frame and system, our experiments suggested ALAN's effects act primarily through direct effects, rather than indirect effects, and can persist across life stages. |
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0962-8452 |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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1951 |
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Bullock, B.; McGlashan, E.M.; Burns, A.C.; Lu, B.S.; Cain, S.W. |
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Title |
Traits related to bipolar disorder are associated with an increased post-illumination pupil response |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Psychiatry Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychiatry Res |
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278 |
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35-41 |
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Human Health |
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Mood states in bipolar disorder appear to be closely linked to changes in sleep and circadian function. It has been suggested that hypersensitivity of the circadian system to light may be a trait vulnerability for bipolar disorder. Healthy persons with emotional-behavioural traits associated with bipolar disorder also appear to exhibit problems with circadian rhythms, which may be associated with individual differences in light sensitivity. This study investigated the melanopsin-driven post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) in relation to emotional-behavioural traits associated with bipolar disorder (measured with the General Behavior Inventory) in a non-clinical group (n=61). An increased PIPR was associated with increased bipolar disorder-related traits. Specifically, the hypomania scale of the General Behavior Inventory was associated with an increased post-blue PIPR. Further, both the full hypomania and shortened '7 Up' scales were significantly predicted by PIPR, after age, sex and depressive traits were controlled. These findings suggest that increased sensitivity to light may be a risk factor for mood problems in the general population, and support the idea that hypersensitivity to light is a trait vulnerability for, rather than symptom of, bipolar disorder. |
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School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Electronic address: sean.cain@monash.edu |
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0165-1781 |
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PMID:31136914 |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2510 |
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Author |
Ye, Y.; Xue, X.; Huang, L.; Gan, M.; Tong, C.; Wang, K.; Deng, J. |
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Title |
A new perspective to map the supply and demand of artificial night light based on Loujia1-01 and urban big data |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Journal of Cleaner Production |
Abbreviated Journal |
Journal of Cleaner Production |
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276 |
Issue |
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123244 |
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Keywords |
Remote Sensing |
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The notable increase in artificial night light (ANL) induced by the rapid urbanization process has been widely studied, but a deep understanding of the supply and demand status of ANL is still lacking. This paper attempts to map the supply and demand of ANL from the human perspective by using advanced Loujia1-01 nighttime imagery and social media derived population density (PD) data, which provides a new tool for light regulation in urban management. The bivariate clustering based k-means algorithm and template matching technique are integrated to delineate mismatch regions at the block scale to further analyze the underlying reason for unbalanced status. The results showed that the high supply but low demand (HSLD) ANL status was the leading component in the mismatch regions, occupying more than 650,000 ha and mainly occurring in the city center. The HSLD proportion was considerable in terms of public services (44%), commercial (40%), industrial (39%), transportation (56%), and green space areas (53%). Moreover, the HSLD area notably increased 946 ha over time from 18:00 to 22:00. The measurements for validation obtained by field investigation showed highly linear relationship with ANL (R2 = 0.75) and PD (R2 = 0.62), and the mapping results were consistent with the actual conditions. This study reveals the highly unbalanced ANL status, and appeals to planners for the establishment of optimal lighting regulations to alleviate disruptive effects. |
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0959-6526 |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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3070 |
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