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Author |
Rockhill, A.P.; DePerno, C.S.; Powell, R.A. |
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Title |
The effect of illumination and time of day on movements of bobcats (Lynx rufus) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
PloS one |
Abbreviated Journal |
PLoS One |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages  |
e69213 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Female; *Lighting; Lynx/*physiology; Male; Moon; Movement/*physiology; North Carolina; Time Factors; Wetlands |
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Abstract |
Understanding behavioral changes of prey and predators based on lunar illumination provides insight into important life history, behavioral ecology, and survival information. The objectives of this research were to determine if bobcat movement rates differed by period of day (dark, moon, crepuscular, day), lunar illumination (<10%, 10 – <50%, 50 – <90%, >90%), and moon phase (new, full). Bobcats had high movement rates during crepuscular and day periods and low movement rates during dark periods with highest nighttime rates at 10-<50% lunar illumination. Bobcats had highest movement rates during daytime when nighttime illumination was low (new moon) and higher movement rates during nighttime when lunar illumination was high (full moon). The behaviors we observed are consistent with prey availability being affected by light level and by limited vision by bobcats during darkness. |
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Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. aimee_rockhill@ncsu.edu |
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1932-6203 |
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PMID:23861963; PMCID:PMC3704646 |
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no |
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Call Number |
IDA @ john @ |
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84 |
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Author |
Aubé, M.; Roby, J.; Kocifaj, M. |
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Title |
Evaluating potential spectral impacts of various artificial lights on melatonin suppression, photosynthesis, and star visibility |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
PloS one |
Abbreviated Journal |
PLoS One |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
e67798 |
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Keywords |
Humans; *Light; Lighting/methods; Melatonin/*metabolism; Photosynthesis/*radiation effects; Plant Development/radiation effects; blue light; circadian disruption |
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Abstract |
Artificial light at night can be harmful to the environment, and interferes with fauna and flora, star visibility, and human health. To estimate the relative impact of a lighting device, its radiant power, angular photometry and detailed spectral power distribution have to be considered. In this paper we focus on the spectral power distribution. While specific spectral characteristics can be considered harmful during the night, they can be considered advantageous during the day. As an example, while blue-rich Metal Halide lamps can be problematic for human health, star visibility and vegetation photosynthesis during the night, they can be highly appropriate during the day for plant growth and light therapy. In this paper we propose three new indices to characterize lamp spectra. These indices have been designed to allow a quick estimation of the potential impact of a lamp spectrum on melatonin suppression, photosynthesis, and star visibility. We used these new indices to compare various lighting technologies objectively. We also considered the transformation of such indices according to the propagation of light into the atmosphere as a function of distance to the observer. Among other results, we found that low pressure sodium, phosphor-converted amber light emitting diodes (LED) and LED 2700 K lamps filtered with the new Ledtech's Equilib filter showed a lower or equivalent potential impact on melatonin suppression and star visibility in comparison to high pressure sodium lamps. Low pressure sodium, LED 5000 K-filtered and LED 2700 K-filtered lamps had a lower impact on photosynthesis than did high pressure sodium lamps. Finally, we propose these indices as new standards for the lighting industry to be used in characterizing their lighting technologies. We hope that their use will favor the design of new environmentally and health-friendly lighting technologies. |
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Departement de physique, Cegep de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada. martin.aube@cegepsherbrooke.qc.ca |
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1932-6203 |
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PMID:23861808; PMCID:PMC3702543 |
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IDA @ john @ |
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282 |
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Author |
Hale, J.D.; Davies, G.; Fairbrass, A.J.; Matthews, T.J.; Rogers, C.D.F.; Sadler, J.P. |
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Title |
Mapping lightscapes: spatial patterning of artificial lighting in an urban landscape |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
PloS one |
Abbreviated Journal |
PLoS One |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
e61460 |
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Keywords |
*Cities; England; Environmental Pollution; Geographic Mapping; Humans; Light; *Lighting; Photography; Urban Population; *Urbanization |
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Abstract |
Artificial lighting is strongly associated with urbanisation and is increasing in its extent, brightness and spectral range. Changes in urban lighting have both positive and negative effects on city performance, yet little is known about how its character and magnitude vary across the urban landscape. A major barrier to related research, planning and governance has been the lack of lighting data at the city extent, particularly at a fine spatial resolution. Our aims were therefore to capture such data using aerial night photography and to undertake a case study of urban lighting. We present the finest scale multi-spectral lighting dataset available for an entire city and explore how lighting metrics vary with built density and land-use. We found positive relationships between artificial lighting indicators and built density at coarse spatial scales, whilst at a local level lighting varied with land-use. Manufacturing and housing are the primary land-use zones responsible for the city's brightly lit areas, yet manufacturing sites are relatively rare within the city. Our data suggests that efforts to address light pollution should broaden their focus from residential street lighting to include security lighting within manufacturing areas. |
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School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom. j.hale@bham.ac.uk |
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1932-6203 |
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PMID:23671566; PMCID:PMC3646000 |
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no |
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IDA @ john @ |
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209 |
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Author |
Solano Lamphar, H.A.; Kocifaj, M. |
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Title |
Light pollution in ultraviolet and visible spectrum: effect on different visual perceptions |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
PloS one |
Abbreviated Journal |
PLoS One |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
e56563 |
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Keywords |
Lighting; Animals; *Environmental Pollution; Humans; Insects; Light; Lighting/*adverse effects; Models, Theoretical; *Visual Perception |
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Abstract |
In general terms, lighting research has been focused in the development of artificial light with the purpose of saving energy and having more durable lamps. However, the consequences that artificial night lighting could bring to the human being and living organisms have become an important issue recently. Light pollution represents a significant problem to both the environment and human health causing a disruption of biological rhythms related not only to the visible spectrum, but also to other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Since the lamps emit across a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum, all photobiological species may be exposed to another type of light pollution. By comparing five different lamps, the present study attempts to evaluate UV radiative fluxes relative to what humans and two species of insects perceive as sky glow level. We have analyzed three atmospheric situations: clear sky, overcast sky and evolving precipitable water content. One important finding suggests that when a constant illuminance of urban spaces has to be guaranteed the sky glow from the low pressure sodium lamps has the most significant effect to the visual perception of the insects tested. But having the fixed number of luminaires the situation changes and the low pressure sodium lamp would be the best choice for all three species. The sky glow effects can be interpreted correctly only if the lamp types and the required amount of scotopic luxes at the ground are taken into account simultaneously. If these two factors are combined properly, then the ecological consequences of sky glow can be partly reduced. The results of this research may be equally useful for lighting engineers, architects, biologists and researchers who are studying the effects of sky glow on humans and biodiversity. |
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ICA, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. lamphar@gmail.com |
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1932-6203 |
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PMID:23441205; PMCID:PMC3575508 |
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no |
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LoNNe @ schroer @ |
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578 |
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Author |
Skeldon, A.C.; Phillips, A.J.K.; Dijk, D.-J. |
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Title |
The effects of self-selected light-dark cycles and social constraints on human sleep and circadian timing: a modeling approach |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Scientific Reports |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Rep |
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Volume |
7 |
Issue |
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45158 |
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Keywords |
human health, lighting |
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Abstract |
Why do we go to sleep late and struggle to wake up on time? Historically, light-dark cycles were dictated by the solar day, but now humans can extend light exposure by switching on artificial lights. We use a mathematical model incorporating effects of light, circadian rhythmicity and sleep homeostasis to provide a quantitative theoretical framework to understand effects of modern patterns of light consumption on the human circadian system. The model shows that without artificial light humans wakeup at dawn. Artificial light delays circadian rhythmicity and preferred sleep timing and compromises synchronisation to the solar day when wake-times are not enforced. When wake-times are enforced by social constraints, such as work or school, artificial light induces a mismatch between sleep timing and circadian rhythmicity ('social jet-lag'). The model implies that developmental changes in sleep homeostasis and circadian amplitude make adolescents particularly sensitive to effects of light consumption. The model predicts that ameliorating social jet-lag is more effectively achieved by reducing evening light consumption than by delaying social constraints, particularly in individuals with slow circadian clocks or when imposed wake-times occur after sunrise. These theory-informed predictions may aid design of interventions to prevent and treat circadian rhythm-sleep disorders and social jet-lag. |
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Address |
University of Surrey, Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Guildford, GU2 7XP, UK |
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2045-2322 |
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PMID:28345624 |
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Call Number |
SU @ spitschan @ |
Serial |
1638 |
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