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Saraiji, R,; Oommen, M.S. |
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Title |
Dominant contrast as a metric for the lighting of pedestrians |
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2014 |
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Lighting Research and Technology |
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Vision; Lighting; Public Safety |
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CIE Publication 115 and ANSI/IESNA Recommended Practice 8-00 both use vertical illuminance 1.5 m above the ground as a design criterion for the lighting of pedestrians. While vertical illuminance has the advantage of being easy to calculate and measure, visibility is based primarily on target contrast. A central question related to the visibility of pedestrians is whether drivers need to see the whole pedestrian or can they infer the presence of a pedestrian by recognizing any part of the pedestrian’s shape. The objective of this work was to first explore various pedestrian contrast profiles that could exist and then to find a simplified approach to characterize pedestrian night-time visibility. The problem was addressed through theoretical analyses and computer simulations. Pedestrian contrast was found to be bipolar and dynamic. From the contrast profiles, we developed the concept of dominant contrast, which is defined as the contrast of any part of the pedestrian that provides the highest visibility. Dominant contrast was examined as a metric for street lighting design and night time visibility for (a) an unlit street with car headlights, (b) a lit street without car headlights and (c) a lit street with car headlights. Dominant contrast was found to be a viable metric for street lighting design and night time visibility studies. |
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854 |
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Author |
Völker, S.; Krenz, P. |
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Title |
Entwicklung von Maßzahlen für adaptive Beleuchtungssysteme |
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2013 |
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In: Held, M., Hölker, F. & Jessel, B. (2013) Schutz der Nacht – Lichtverschmutzung, Biodiversität und Nachtlandschaft. – BfN-Skripten |
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336 |
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87-90 |
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Lighting |
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857 |
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Hölker, F. |
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Title |
Naturverträgliche Stadtbeleuchtung und Vermeidung von Lichtverschmutzung |
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2009 |
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Modernisierung der Stadtbeleuchtung. Tagungsdokumentation 05. November 2009. Berlin: NABU |
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15-16 |
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Große Ruse E, Wachholz C |
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858 |
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Reinboth, C.; Fischer-Hirchert, U.; David, T. |
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Neues Licht für Städte und Kommunen |
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2009 |
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Optik & Photonik |
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4 |
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36–39 |
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LoNNe @ kagoburian @ |
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859 |
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Author |
Rea, M. S.; Bierman, A. |
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Title |
Spectral considerations for outdoor lighting: Consequences for sky glow |
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2014 |
Publication |
Lighting Research and Technology |
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Lighting Res. & Tech. |
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47 |
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8 |
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920-930 |
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Lighting; skyglow; spectrum; scattering; aerosol; modeling |
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It is well known that the magnitude of sky glow on a clear night depends upon the aerosol content in the atmosphere and the spectral power distribution (amount and spectrum). Sources with a greater proportion of short-wavelength radiation produce more backscattered radiation, but as aerosol density increases, the differential effect of spectrum becomes smaller. Sky glow magnitude also depends upon the operating characteristics of the detector and will be greater when the spectrum of the backscattered radiation is tuned to the spectral band-pass characteristics of the detector. The human visual system is most often used to assess sky glow magnitude, but its spectral response is not limited to a single, univariate detector. Rather, the retina is composed of many neural channels, each with its own spectral and absolute sensitivities to optical radiation. Since we can use a different neural channel to see an individual star than we do to gain an overall impression of sky brightness, changes to the spectral power distribution of backscattered radiation differentially, and simultaneously, affect one’s ability to see a single star and to assess sky brightness. A general method for assessing sky glow based upon aerosol content, spectral power distribution and the specific operating characteristics of a detector, human or otherwise, is offered. |
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Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA |
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The Society of Light and Lighting |
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IDA @ john @ |
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1065 |
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