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Author |
Lorenc, T.; Petticrew, M.; Whitehead, M.; Neary, D.; Clayton, S.; Wright, K.; Thomson, H.; Cummins, S.; Sowden, A.; Renton, A. |
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Title |
Environmental interventions to reduce fear of crime: systematic review of effectiveness |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Systematic Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
Syst Rev |
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Volume |
2 |
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Pages |
30 |
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Keywords |
*Crime; *Environment Design; *Fear; Humans; Milieu Therapy/*standards; *Public Health; *Safety |
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Abstract |
BACKGROUND: Fear of crime is associated with negative health and wellbeing outcomes, and may mediate some impacts of the built environment on public health. A range of environmental interventions have been hypothesized to reduce the fear of crime. METHODS: This review aimed to synthesize the literature on the effectiveness of interventions in the built environment to reduce the fear of crime. Systematic review methodology, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidance, was used. Studies of environmental interventions which reported a fear of crime outcome and used any prospective evaluation design (randomized controlled trial (RCT), trial or uncontrolled before-and-after study) were included. Eighteen databases were searched. The Hamilton tool was used to assess quality. A narrative synthesis of findings was undertaken. RESULTS: A total of 47 studies were included, 22 controlled and 25 uncontrolled, with total sample sizes ranging from n = 52 to approximately n = 23,000. Thirty-six studies were conducted in the UK, ten studies in the USA and one study in the Netherlands. The quality of the evidence overall is low. There are some indications that home security improvements and non-crime-related environmental improvements may be effective for some fear of crime outcomes. There is little evidence that the following reduce fear of crime: street lighting improvements, closed-circuit television (CCTV), multi-component environmental crime prevention programs or regeneration programs. CONCLUSIONS: There is some evidence for the effectiveness of specific environmental interventions in reducing some indicators of fear of crime, but more attention to the context and possible confounders is needed in future evaluations of complex social interventions such as these. |
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Address  |
Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 5-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK. theo.lorenc@lshtm.ac.uk |
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2046-4053 |
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PMID:23663285; PMCID:PMC3660218 |
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IDA @ john @ |
Serial |
251 |
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Author |
Hyari, K.H.; Khelifi, A.; Katkhuda, H. |
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Title |
Multiobjective Optimization of Roadway Lighting Projects |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Journal of Transportation Engineering |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Transp. Eng. |
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Pages |
04016024 |
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Keywords |
Lighting; multiobjective optimization; traffic safety; road safety; lighting design; uniformity; genetic algorithm |
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Abstract |
Roadway lighting systems play a major role in maintaining nighttime traffic safety as they reduce both the number and severity of nighttime traffic accidents. While the design of roadway lighting systems involves multiple objectives, past studies have focused on optimizing only one of the multiple objectives that should be considered. This paper presents a multiobjective optimization model for roadway lighting projects that simultaneously optimizes four design objectives. The incorporated objectives are (1) maximizing the average lighting level on the road surface; (2) maximizing the lighting uniformity along the roadway; (3) minimizing the glare to road users produced by the lighting system; and (4) minimizing the cost of operating the lighting system. The model is designed and developed as a multiobjective genetic algorithm to help decision-makers in their endeavor to provide efficient roadway lighting systems that strike a balance between the four conflicting objectives. The present model considers the following six design variables: type of lighting fixture, mounting height, spacing, fixture offset, fixture’s inclination, and fixture’s rotation angle. An application example is analyzed in this paper to clarify the use of the model and display its significant features in producing better lighting arrangements for roadways. |
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Dept. of Civil Engineering, Hashemite Univ., P.O. Box 150459, Zarqa 13115, Jordan; hyari(at)hu.edu.jo |
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ASCE |
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English |
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0733-947X |
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IDA @ john @ |
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1405 |
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Author |
Kostic, A.; Djokic, L. |
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Title |
Subjective impressions under LED and metal halide lighting |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Lighting Research and Technology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Lighting Research and Technology |
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46 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
293-307 |
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Keywords |
lighting; outdoor lighting; subjective; LED; metal halide; *Safety; Belgrade |
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Abstract |
In order to compare subjective impressions created by LED and metal halide ambient lighting, a pilot project was conducted in a Belgrade park. All general requirements for an adequate comparison of subjective impressions were fulfilled. The survey was conducted using a questionnaire related to all aspects the researchers considered relevant for subjective evaluation of illuminated pedestrian paths in parks. It was concluded that the respondents, both those who had and those who did not have previous knowledge in the field of lighting, strongly preferred the use of metal halide lamps for the illumination of parks, which is in opposition to the statements of some LED manufacturers. It was also shown that light level and feelings of safety and comfort are evaluated as most important. |
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Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia |
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1477-1535 |
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IDA @ john @ |
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336 |
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Author |
Jackett, M.; Frith, W. |
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Title |
Quantifying the impact of road lighting on road safety -- A New Zealand Study |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
IATSS Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
IATSS Research |
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Volume |
36 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
139-145 |
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Keywords |
Lighting; roadway lighting; road safety; traffic safety; public safety |
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Abstract |
It is well known from the literature that road lighting has significant safety benefits. The NZTA Economic Evaluation Manual (EEM) quotes a 35% reduction in crashes as the effect of upgrading or improving lighting where lighting is poor.
However, no well-established dose–response relationship to lighting parameters exists from which one can deduce benchmark levels of lighting for safety.
This study looked at a sample of street lighting installations spread over the urban areas of nine territorial local authorities. Standard street lighting parameters were measured in the field using a variety of instruments including illuminance meter, luminance meter and digital camera. Field measurements were related to the ratio of night-time to day time crashes as a measure of night time safety vis-a-vis daytime safety.
A statistically significant dose–response relationship was found between average road luminance and safety across all traffic volume groups, with an indication that the relationship may be stronger where more serious crashes are involved.
Threshold increment was also a significant variable but not so longitudinal uniformity or overall uniformity.
The results related to luminance will allow practitioners to better estimate the safety benefits of different levels of lighting resulting in better targeting of expenditure. |
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Jackett Consulting, Lower Hutt, New Zealand; jackett(at)paradise.net.nz |
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Elsevier |
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English |
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English |
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0386-1112 |
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LoNNe @ kagoburian @ |
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638 |
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Author |
Bullough, J.D.; Donnell, E.T.; Rea, M.S. |
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Title |
To illuminate or not to illuminate: roadway lighting as it affects traffic safety at intersections |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Accident; Analysis and Prevention |
Abbreviated Journal |
Accid Anal Prev |
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Volume |
53 |
Issue |
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Pages |
65-77 |
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Keywords |
Lighting; Accident Prevention/*methods; Accidents, Traffic/*prevention & control/psychology/statistics & numerical data; Cross-Sectional Studies; *Environment Design; Humans; *Lighting; Minnesota; Models, Statistical; Photoperiod; Psychomotor Performance; Regression Analysis; Safety/statistics & numerical data; Visual Perception |
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Abstract |
A two-pronged effort to quantify the impact of lighting on traffic safety is presented. In the statistical approach, the effects of lighting on crash frequency for different intersection types in Minnesota were assessed using count regression models. The models included many geometric and traffic control variables to estimate the association between lighting and nighttime and daytime crashes and the resulting night-to-day crash ratios. Overall, the presence of roadway intersection lighting was found to be associated with an approximately 12% lower night-to-day crash ratio than unlighted intersections. In the parallel analytical approach, visual performance analyses based on roadway intersection lighting practices in Minnesota were made for the same intersection types investigated in the statistical approach. The results of both approaches were convergent, suggesting that visual performance improvements from roadway lighting could serve as input for predicting improvements in crash frequency. A provisional transfer function allows transportation engineers to evaluate alternative lighting systems in the design phase so selections based on expected benefits and costs can be made. |
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Address |
Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 21 Union Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA |
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0001-4575 |
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Notes |
PMID:23377085 |
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Call Number |
LoNNe @ kagoburian @ |
Serial |
627 |
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