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Wood, J.M.; Tyrrell, R.A.; Carberry, T.P. |
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Title |
Limitations in drivers' ability to recognize pedestrians at night |
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Year  |
2005 |
Publication |
Human Factors |
Abbreviated Journal |
Hum Factors |
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47 |
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3 |
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644-653 |
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Keywords |
Vision; Public Safety; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; *Automobile Driving/psychology; Clothing; *Darkness; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Reaction Time; Task Performance and Analysis; Visual Perception |
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This study quantified drivers' ability to recognize pedestrians at night. Ten young and 10 older participants drove around a closed road circuit and responded when they first recognized a pedestrian. Four pedestrian clothing and two beam conditions were tested. Results demonstrate that driver age, clothing configuration, headlamp beam, and glare all significantly affect performance. Drivers recognized only 5% of pedestrians in the most challenging condition (low beams, black clothing, glare), whereas drivers recognized 100% of the pedestrians who wore retroreflective clothing configured to depict biological motion (no glare). In the absence of glare, mean recognition distances varied from 0.0 m (older drivers, low beam, black clothing) to 220 m (722 feet; younger drivers, high beam, retroreflective biomotion). These data provide new motivation to minimize interactions between vehicular and pedestrian traffic at night and suggest garment designs to maximize pedestrian conspicuity when these interactions are unavoidable. |
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Center for Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. j.wood@qut.edu.au |
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English |
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0018-7208 |
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PMID:16435703 |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2804 |
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Author |
Clark, B.A.J. |
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Title |
Outdoor Lighting and Crime, Part 2: Coupled Growth. |
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2003 |
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Security; Society; Safety; crime; public safety |
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Experimental evidence about the relationship between outdoor lighting and crime was examined in Part 1 of this work. Although the presence of light tends to allay the fear of crime at night, the balance of evidence from relatively short-term field studies is that increased lighting is ineffective for preventing or deterring actual crime. In this second part, available evidence indicates that darkness inhibits crime, and that crime is more encouraged than deterred by outdoor lighting. A new hypothesis is developed accordingly. Additional quantitative evidence supports the hypothesis. Excessive outdoor lighting appears to facilitate some of the social factors that lead to crime. The proliferation of artificial outdoor lighting has been fostered with little regard for the environmental consequences of wasteful practice. Widely observed exponential increases in artificial skyglow indicate that the growth of outdoor lighting is unsustainable. The natural spectacle of the night sky has already been obliterated for much of the population of the developed world. Copious artificial light has transformed civilisation, but increasing knowledge of its adverse environmental, biological and cultural effects now justifies large overall reductions in outdoor ambient light at night as well as in its waste component. ‘Good’ lighting has to be redefined. Moderation of outdoor ambient light levels may reduce crime in due course, as well as limiting the adverse environmental effects. Lighting controls might provide a means of limiting urbanisation and urban sprawl. National crime prevention policies, laws, lighting standards, architectural use of light and urban planning practice appear in need of fundamental changes. |
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Astronomical Society of Victoria, Inc., Australia |
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Self-published |
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LoNNe @ kagoburian @; IDA @ john @ |
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1017 |
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Author |
Outen, A. R. |
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Title |
The ecological effects of road lighting |
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2002 |
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In: Sherwood, B.R.; Cutler, D. und Burton, J. (Hrsg.): Wildlife and Roads: The Ecological Impact. London |
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133-155 |
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Public Safety; Animals; Conservation |
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700 |
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Author |
Clark, B.A.J. |
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Title |
Outdoor Lighting and Crime, Part 1: Little or No Benefit. |
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2002 |
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Society; Safety |
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1016 |
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Sullivan, J.M.; Flannagan, M.J. |
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Title |
The role of ambient light level in fatal crashes: inferences from daylight saving time transitions |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Accident Analysis & Prevention |
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Accident Analysis & Prevention |
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34 |
Issue |
4 |
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487-498 |
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Keywords |
Public Safety; Lighting |
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The purpose of this study was to estimate the size of the influence of ambient light level on fatal pedestrian and vehicle crashes in three scenarios. The scenarios were: fatal pedestrian crashes at intersections, fatal pedestrian crashes on dark rural roads, and fatal single-vehicle run-off-road crashes on dark, curved roads. Each scenario's sensitivity to light level was evaluated by comparing the number of fatal crashes across changes to and from daylight saving time, within daily time periods in which an abrupt change in light level occurs relative to official clock time. The analyses included 11 years of fatal crashes in the United States, between 1987 and 1997. Scenarios involving pedestrians were most sensitive to light level, in some cases showing up to seven times more risk at night over daytime. In contrast, single-vehicle run-off-road crashes showed little difference between light and dark time periods, suggesting factors other than light level play the dominant role in these crashes. These results are discussed in the context of the possible safety improvements offered by new developments in adaptive vehicle headlighting. |
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0001-4575 |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2126 |
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