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Barghini, A.; de Medeiros, B.A.S. |
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Title |
Artificial lighting as a vector attractant and cause of disease diffusion |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Environmental Health Perspectives |
Abbreviated Journal |
Environ Health Perspect |
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118 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
1503-1506 |
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Keywords |
Human Health |
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Abstract |
BACKGROUND: Traditionally, epidemiologists have considered electrification to be a positive factor. In fact, electrification and plumbing are typical initiatives that represent the integration of an isolated population into modern society, ensuring the control of pathogens and promoting public health. Nonetheless, electrification is always accompanied by night lighting that attracts insect vectors and changes people's behavior. Although this may lead to new modes of infection and increased transmission of insect-borne diseases, epidemiologists rarely consider the role of night lighting in their surveys. OBJECTIVE: We reviewed the epidemiological evidence concerning the role of lighting in the spread of vector-borne diseases to encourage other researchers to consider it in future studies. DISCUSSION: We present three infectious vector-borne diseases-Chagas, leishmaniasis, and malaria-and discuss evidence that suggests that the use of artificial lighting results in behavioral changes among human populations and changes in the prevalence of vector species and in the modes of transmission. CONCLUSION: Despite a surprising lack of studies, existing evidence supports our hypothesis that artificial lighting leads to a higher risk of infection from vector-borne diseases. We believe that this is related not only to the simple attraction of traditional vectors to light sources but also to changes in the behavior of both humans and insects that result in new modes of disease transmission. Considering the ongoing expansion of night lighting in developing countries, additional research on this subject is urgently needed. |
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Laboratorio de Estudos Evolutivos Humanos, Departamento de Genetica e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brasil. barghini@iee.usp.br |
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0091-6765 |
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PMID:20675268; PMCID:PMC2974685 |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2184 |
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Author |
Barrette, T.P.; Pike, A.M. |
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Title |
Closed-Course Human Factors Evaluation of Marking and Marker Visibility |
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Journal Article |
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2019 |
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Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board |
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Transportation Research Record |
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in press |
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Vision |
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Raised retroreflective pavement markers (RRPMs) are commonly used to provide nighttime delineation of roadways. Although RRPMs are visible during dry conditions, they provide their greatest benefit during wet-night conditions, when typical pavement markings become flooded and lose their retroreflectivite properties. Naturally, the retroreflectivity of RRPMs degrades over time as a result of traffic, ultraviolet light, precipitation, and roadway maintenance activities. Subsequently, it is necessary to examine the relationship between driver performance and the condition of the RRPMs. To assess visibility relative to RRPM condition, study participants rode in the passenger seat of a vehicle operated by a member of the research team, traveling at approximately 15 mph, for two laps around a closed course. Throughout each lap of the course, nine treatments consisting of RRPMs or preformed pavement marking tape of various retroreflectivity levels diverged from a center line to either the right or left. Participants indicated when they could tell which direction the treatment diverged, which was recorded using a GPS unit. A generalized linear model was estimated on a dataset constructed by pairing the observed distances from various treatments with demographic information about each participant. The analysis indicates the distance at which a particular treatment would be visible, which can then be converted to preview time to assess treatment adequacy for a variety of speeds. The RRPM treatments generally provided adequate preview time for older drivers based on the extant literature; however, the preformed pavement marking tape was less adequate at higher speeds and under overhead lighting. |
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0361-1981 |
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2499 |
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Barros, R.; Medrano, F.; Norambuena, H.V.; Peredo, R.; Silva, R.; de Groote, F.; Schmitt, F. |
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Title |
Breeding Phenology, Distribution and Conservation Status of Markham's Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma markhami in the Atacama Desert |
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Journal Article |
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2019 |
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Ardea |
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Ardea |
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107 |
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1 |
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75 |
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Animals |
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0373-2266 |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2434 |
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Author |
Baskaran, T.; Min, B.; Uppal, Y. |
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Title |
Election cycles and electricity provision: Evidence from a quasi-experiment with Indian special elections |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2015 |
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Journal of Public Economics |
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Journal of Public Economics |
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126 |
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64-73 |
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Remote Sensing; India; South Asia |
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We present evidence from India showing that state governments induce electoral cycles in electricity service provision. Our data and research strategy allow us to build on models of political business cycles and targeted distribution in two important ways. First, we demonstrate that by manipulating the flow of critical inputs into economic activity like electricity, elected leaders can influence economic outcomes even in contexts where they have constrained fiscal capacity. Second, we identify the effect of elections on electricity provision by focusing on special elections held for exogenous reasons. Our results show that state governments induce substantive increases in electricity service to constituencies that hold special elections. Manipulation of the power supply is stronger in contested constituencies and during special elections held in states where the government commands only a small majority. Overall, we find no evidence of positive welfare effects from the electoral manipulation of electricity supply. |
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0047-2727 |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2029 |
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Author |
Bauhr, M. & Carlitz, R. |
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Title |
TRANSPARENCY AND THE QUALITY OF LOCAL PUBLIC SERVICE PROVISION |
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Journal Article |
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2019 |
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QOG THE QUALITY OF GOVERNMENT INSTITUTE |
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Economics; Remote Sensing |
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Transparency has been widely promoted as a tool for improving public service
delivery; however, empirical evidence is inconclusive. We suggest that the effects of transparency on service provision are contingent on the nature of the service. Specifically, transparency is more likely to improve the quality of service provision when street-level discretion is high, since discretion increases information asymmetries, and, in the absence of transparency, allows officials to target public services in suboptimal ways. Using finely grained data from the Vietnam Provincial Governance and Public Administration Performance Index between 2011–2017, we show that communes that experience increases in transparency also experience improved quality of education and health (services characterized by greater discretion), while the quality of infrastructure
provision (characterized by less discretion) bears no relation to increased transparency. The findings help us understand when transparency can improve service provision, as well the effects of transparency reforms in non-democratic settings. |
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IDA @ intern @ |
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2637 |
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