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| Author |
Zhe Song and Xiaoming Li |
| Title |
Hazards, Causes and Legal Governance Measures of China's Urban Light Pollution |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Nature Environment and Pollution Technology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
16 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
975-980 |
| Keywords |
Regulation |
| Abstract |
Urban light pollution, which poses a threat to people’s production, life, and physical and mental health, is becoming increasingly serious and gradually forms a new type of environmental pollution. In order to further analyse the hazards and causes of China’s urban light pollution and explore its legal governance measures, this study reviews foreign literature on hazards and causes of urban light pollution, summarizes the types and causes of the pollution in China, and provides specific control measures from the perspective of legal governance. Research results in the country and abroad show that light pollution is caused by development, which has a serious negative impact on the normal life of urban residents. The hazards of urban light pollution are manifested in four aspects, such as damaging human health, affecting the natural ecological environment, affecting normal operation of urban traffic, and causing serious waste of energy. Urban light pollution is caused by the lack of systematized urban building light source design work, excessive use of electronic products with the development of science and technology, weak public awareness of environmental protection, and the delay of laws and regulations. Some legal measures to control light pollution are presented as follows: Perfecting the administrative system and environmental supervision system in legislation, innovating the legislation system of light pollution prevention, formulating strict civil liability for light pollution, and further formulating a single law on light pollution control. The results of this study have important reference value for taking measures predictably to avoid the occurrence of light pollution during urban construction design, for the macro-control of urban planning and management departments, and for promoting the concept of urban environmental protection and energy conservation and sustainable urban development. |
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LoNNe @ kyba @; GFZ @ kyba @ |
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1748 |
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| Author |
Kocifaj, M. |
| Title |
Towards a Comprehensive City Emission Function (CCEF) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer |
Abbreviated Journal |
JQSRT |
| Volume |
205 |
Issue |
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Pages |
253-266 |
| Keywords |
Lighting; Skyglow |
| Abstract |
The comprehensive city emission function (CCEF) is developed for a heterogeneous light-emitting or blocking urban environments, embracing any combination of input parameters that characterize linear dimensions in the system (size and distances between buildings or luminaires), properties of light-emitting elements (such as luminous building façades and street lighting), ground reflectance and total uplight-fraction, all of these defined for an arbitrarily sized 2D area. The analytical formula obtained is not restricted to a single model class as it can capture any specific light-emission feature for wide range of cities. The CCEF method is numerically fast in contrast to what can be expected of other probabilistic approaches that rely on repeated random sampling. Hence the present solution has great potential in light-pollution modeling and can be included in larger numerical models. Our theoretical findings promise great progress in light-pollution modeling as this is the first time an analytical solution to city emission function (CEF) has been developed that depends on statistical mean size and height of city buildings, inter-building separation, prevailing heights of light fixtures, lighting density, and other factors such as e.g. luminaire light output and light distribution, including the amount of uplight, and representative city size. The model is validated for sensitivity and specificity pertinent to combinations of input parameters in order to test its behavior under various conditions, including those that can occur in complex urban environments. It is demonstrated that the solution model succeeds in reproducing a light emission peak at some elevated zenith angles and is consistent with reduced rather than enhanced emission in directions nearly parallel to the ground. |
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ScienceDirect |
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LoNNe @ kyba @ |
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1757 |
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| Author |
Clanton, N.; Gibbons, R.; Garcia, J.; Barber, M. |
| Title |
Seattle LED Adaptive Lighting Study |
Type |
Report |
| Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance |
Abbreviated Journal |
NEEA |
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E14-286 |
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Public Safety; Lighting; Planning; Vision |
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The Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA) and the City of Seattle partnered to evaluate the future of solid state street lighting in the Pacific Northwest with a two-night demonstration in Seattle's Ballard neighborhood in March 2012. The study evaluates the effectiveness of LED streetlights on nighttime driver object detection visibility as function of light source spectral distribution (color temperature in degrees K) and light distribution. Clanton & Associates and VTTI also evaluated adaptive lighting (tuning of streetlights during periods of reduced vehicular and pedestrian activity) at three levels: one hundred percent of full light output, fifty percent of full light output, and twenty-five percent of full light output. The study, led by Clanton & Associates, Continuum Industries, and the VTTI, built upon previous visual performance studies conducted in Anchorage, Alaska; San Diego, California; and San Jose, California. The use of LED technology for city street lighting is becoming more widespread. While these lights are primarily touted for their energy efficiency, the combination of LEDs with advanced control technology, changes to lighting criteria, and a better understanding of human mesopic (low light level) visibility creates an enormous potential for energy savings and improved motorist and pedestrian visibility and safety. Data from these tests support the following statements: LED luminaires with a correlated color temperature of 4100K provide the highest detection distance, including statistically significantly better detection distance when compared to HPS luminaires of higher wattage. The non-uniformity of the lighting on the roadway surface provides a visibility enhancement and greater contrast for visibility. Contrast of objects, both positive and negative, is a better indicator of visibility than is average luminance level. Dimming the LED luminaires to fifty percent of IES RP-8 levels did not significantly reduce object detection distance in dry pavement conditions. Participants perceived dimming of sidewalks as less acceptable than dimming to the same level on the roadway. Asymmetric lighting did reduce glare and performed similarly to the symmetric lighting at the same color temperature (4100K). |
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LoNNe @ kyba @ |
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1763 |
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| Author |
Tosini, G.; Ferguson, I.; Tubota, K. |
| Title |
Effects of blue light on the circadian system and eye physiology |
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Journal Article |
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2016 |
Publication |
Molecular Vision |
Abbreviated Journal |
Mol Vis |
| Volume |
22 |
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61-72 |
| Keywords |
Vision; blue light; Circadian Rhythm; eye; physiology |
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Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been used to provide illumination in industrial and commercial environments. LEDs are also used in TVs, computers, smart phones, and tablets. Although the light emitted by most LEDs appears white, LEDs have peak emission in the blue light range (400–490 nm). The accumulating experimental evidence has indicated that exposure to blue light can affect many physiologic functions, and it can be used to treat circadian and sleep dysfunctions. However, blue light can also induce photoreceptor damage. Thus, it is important to consider the spectral output of LED-based light sources to minimize the danger that may be associated with blue light exposure. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the effects of blue light on the regulation of physiologic functions and the possible effects of blue light exposure on ocular health. |
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Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA |
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NCBI |
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1090-0535 |
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IDA @ john @ |
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2216 |
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S Fotios, J Uttley |
| Title |
Illuminance required to detect a pavement obstacle of critical size |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Lighting Research & Technology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
50 |
Issue |
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Pages |
390-404 |
| Keywords |
Vision; Lighting |
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This paper investigates the illuminance needed to detect trip hazards for pedestrians walking after dark. In previous work, it was assumed that the critical obstacle height is 25 mm: further review of accident data and foot clearance data suggests instead that 10 mm is the critical height. Eye tracking records suggest a tendency for obstacles to be detected approximately 3.4 m ahead. Interpretation of obstacle detection data suggests horizontal photopic illuminances of up to 0.9 lux are required for peripheral detection of a 10 mm obstacle 3.4 m ahead, according to the scotopic/photopic ratio of the lighting and the age of the observer. |
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LoNNe @ kyba @ |
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1765 |
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