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Xavier Kerola, D. |
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Title |
Modelling artificial night-sky brightness with a polarized multiple scattering radiative transfer computer code: Modelling artificial night-sky brightness |
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2006 |
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Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |
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365 |
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4 |
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1295-1299 |
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Skyglow; modeling; radiative transfer; Gauss-Seidel; light pollution; Garstang model |
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Abstract |
As part of an ongoing investigation of radiative effects produced by hazy atmospheres, computational procedures have been developed for use in determining the brightening of the night sky as a result of urban illumination. The downwardly and upwardly directed radiances of multiply scattered light from an offending metropolitan source are computed by a straightforward Gauss-Seidel (G-S) iterative technique applied directly to the integrated form of Chandrasekhar's vectorized radiative transfer equation. Initial benchmark night-sky brightness tests of the present G-S model using fully consistent optical emission and extinction input parameters yield very encouraging results when compared with the double scattering treatment of Garstang, the only full-fledged previously available model. |
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0035-8711 |
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IDA @ john @ |
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278 |
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Author |
Boyce, P.R. |
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Title |
Review: The Impact of Light in Buildings on Human Health |
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Journal Article |
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2010 |
Publication |
Indoor and Built Environment |
Abbreviated Journal |
Indoor and Built Environment |
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19 |
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1 |
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8-20 |
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Keywords |
Human Health; indoor light; circadian disruption; shift work; oncogenesis; Review |
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The effects of light on health can be divided into three sections. The first is that of light as radiation. Exposure to the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation produced by light sources can damage both the eye and skin, through both thermal and photochemical mechanisms. Such damage is rare for indoor lighting installations designed for vision but can occur in some situations. The second is light operating through the visual system. Lighting enables us to see but lighting conditions that cause visual discomfort are likely to lead to eyestrain. Anyone who frequently experiences eyestrain is not enjoying the best of health. The lighting conditions that cause visual discomfort in buildings are well known and easily avoided. The third is light operating through the circadian system. This is known to influence sleep patterns and believed to be linked to the development of breast cancer among night shift workers. There is still much to learn about the impact of light on human health but what is known is enough to ensure that the topic requires the attention of all those concerned with the lighting of buildings. |
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Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York, USA |
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1420-326X |
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IDA @ john @ |
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292 |
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LeGates, T.A.; Fernandez, D.C.; Hattar, S. |
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Light as a central modulator of circadian rhythms, sleep and affect |
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Journal Article |
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2014 |
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Nature Reviews. Neuroscience |
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Nat Rev Neurosci |
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15 |
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7 |
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443-454 |
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Human Health; photobiology; circadian disruption; asynchronization; sleep; mood; Review |
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Light has profoundly influenced the evolution of life on earth. As widely appreciated, light enables us to generate images of our environment. However, light – through intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) – also influences behaviours that are essential for our health and quality of life but are independent of image formation. These include the synchronization of the circadian clock to the solar day, tracking of seasonal changes and the regulation of sleep. Irregular light environments lead to problems in circadian rhythms and sleep, which eventually cause mood and learning deficits. Recently, it was found that irregular light can also directly affect mood and learning without producing major disruptions in circadian rhythms and sleep. In this Review, we discuss the indirect and direct influence of light on mood and learning, and provide a model for how light, the circadian clock and sleep interact to influence mood and cognitive functions. |
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1] Johns Hopkins University, Department of Biology, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA. [2] Johns Hopkins University, Department of Neuroscience, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA |
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1471-003X |
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PMID:24917305 |
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IDA @ john @ |
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299 |
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Author |
Fonken, L.K.; Nelson, R.J. |
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Title |
The Effects of Light at Night on Circadian Clocks and Metabolism |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Endocrine Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
Endocr Rev |
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35 |
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4 |
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648-670 |
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Human Health; Circadian Rhythm; clock genes; epidemiology; light at night; review |
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Most organisms display endogenously produced approximately ~24 h fluctuations in physiology and behavior, termed circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms are driven by a transcriptional-translational feedback loop that is hierarchically expressed throughout the brain and body, with the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus serving as the master circadian oscillator at the top of the hierarchy. Appropriate circadian regulation is important for many homeostatic functions including energy regulation. Multiple genes involved in nutrient metabolism display rhythmic oscillations and metabolically related hormones such as glucagon, insulin, ghrelin, leptin, and corticosterone are released in a circadian fashion. Mice harboring mutations in circadian clock genes alter feeding behavior, endocrine signaling, and dietary fat absorption. Moreover, misalignment between behavioral and molecular circadian clocks can result in obesity in both rodents and humans. Importantly, circadian rhythms are most potently synchronized to the external environment by light information and exposure to light at night potentially disrupts circadian system function. Since the advent of electric lights around the turn of the 20th century, exposure to artificial and irregular light schedules has become commonplace. The increase in exposure to light at night parallels the global increase in the prevalence of obesity and metabolic disorders. In this review, we propose that exposure to light at night alters metabolic function through disruption of the circadian system. We first provide an introduction to the circadian system, with a specific emphasis on the effects of light on circadian rhythms. Next we address interactions between the circadian system and metabolism. Finally, we review current experimental and epidemiological work directly associating exposure to light at night and metabolism. |
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Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA |
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Endocrine Society |
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0163-769X |
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PMID:24673196 |
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IDA @ john @ |
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314 |
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Author |
Bará, S.; Nievas, M.; Sanchez de Miguel, A.; Zamorano, J. |
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Title |
Zernike analysis of all-sky night brightness maps |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Applied Optics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl Opt |
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53 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
2677-2686 |
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modeling; light at night; light pollution; all-sky; Zernike polynomials; image decomposition; sky brightness |
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All-sky night brightness maps (calibrated images of the night sky with hemispherical field-of-view (FOV) taken at standard photometric bands) provide useful data to assess the light pollution levels at any ground site. We show that these maps can be efficiently described and analyzed using Zernike circle polynomials. The relevant image information can be compressed into a low-dimensional coefficients vector, giving an analytical expression for the sky brightness and alleviating the effects of noise. Moreover, the Zernike expansions allow us to quantify in a straightforward way the average and zenithal sky brightness and its variation across the FOV, providing a convenient framework to study the time course of these magnitudes. We apply this framework to analyze the results of a one-year campaign of night sky brightness measurements made at the UCM observatory in Madrid. |
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Ãrea de Óptica, Dept. de FÃsica Aplicada, Fac. de FÃsica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain |
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Optical Society of America |
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0003-6935 |
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PMID:24787595 |
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IDA @ john @ |
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318 |
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