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Price, J.T.; Drye, B.; Domangue, R.J.; Paladino, F.V. |
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Exploring The Role of Artificial Lighting in Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta) Nest-Site Selection and Hatchling Disorientation |
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2018 |
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Herpetological Conservation and Biology |
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13 |
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2 |
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415-422 |
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Animals |
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Beachfront artificial lighting can deter nesting sea turtles and disrupt the seaward orientation of hatchlings following their emergence from the nest. We investigated the effects of variable artificial lighting along the 17.5-km beachfront of St. George Island, Florida, USA on both nesting and hatchling Loggerhead Turtles (Caretta caretta). We hypothesized that illumination affects nest-site selection and hatchling orientation of Loggerhead Turtles. We predicted that zones with higher artificial luminance levels would have a reduced number of nests laid by Loggerhead Turtles, as well as an increased hatchling disorientation rate. We divided the beachfront into zones 500 m in length and recorded nighttime luminance measurements with a photometer throughout the 2015 nesting season. The 2015 luminance values were analyzed together with Loggerhead Turtle nesting data from the 2015 season, as well as related to a longer-term dataset from 2011–2015. We found a negative relationship between nestsite selection and the intensity of artificial luminance, such that the brighter zones along the beachfront had fewer nests. Within this relationship, we found that nest density was significantly lower above a beachfront luminance value of ~800 μcd/m2. Finally, we found that hatchling disorientations occurred more frequently in zones with greater luminance. While many factors can affect nesting and hatchling Loggerhead behavior, our results suggest that variable intensities of artificial lighting at a nesting site may lead to a spatially clumped arrangement of nests and hatchling disorientations. These results can help improve the conservation and protection of nesting habitat as they further our understanding of the effects of artificial beachfront lighting on Loggerhead Turtles. |
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2106 |
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Van Tatenhove, A.; Fayet, A.; Watanuki, Y.; Yoda, K.; Shoji, A. |
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Streaked Shearwater Calonectris leucomelas moonlight avoidance in response to low aerial predation pressure, and effects of wind speed and direction on colony attendance |
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2018 |
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Marine Ornithology |
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46 |
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177-185 |
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Moonlight |
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Many species of Procellaridae are nocturnal on their breeding grounds, exhibiting reduced activity during fuller moonlight, perhaps to avoid predation by predators that use the full moon to hunt after sunset. Among these nocturnal species, Streaked Shearwaters Calonectris leucomelas have high wing loading and have difficulty taking off—especially with unfavorable wind conditions—thus potentially exacerbating moonlight avoidance. Effects of moonlight and wind conditions on the colony activity of this species, however, is poorly understood. We investigated the phenomenon by counting the departure and arrival of birds, and measuring ambient light intensity, local wind speed, and local wind direction at a breeding colony of Streaked Shearwaters on Awashima Island, Japan. Moon phase and ambient light had no significant effect on the frequency of arrivals or departures. Frequency of departures decreased significantly with increasing wind speed, but no effect was seen on arrivals, and wind direction had no effect on arrivals or departures. Our results indicate that: (1) wind speed may play an important role in Streaked Shearwater takeoff from the colony, and (2) moonlight avoidance is a plastic trait that may diminish in large-bodied shearwaters when few diurnal aerial predators are present. |
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2107 |
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Figura, J.; Haughwout, C.; Cahoy, K.; Welle, R.; Hardy, B.; Pack, D.; Bosh, A. |
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Initial Demonstration of an Uplink LED Beacon to a Low Earth Orbiting CubeSat |
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2018 |
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Journal of Small Satellites |
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7 |
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2 |
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719-732 |
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Remote Sensing |
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In this study, an uplink light-emitting diode (LED) beacon that can enable a CubeSat to locate a laser communication ground station was designed, constructed, and tested, and detection of the beacon from low Earth orbit (LEO) with a CMOS camera on the AeroCube-5 CubeSat was demonstrated. The LED beacon described is an alternative to the near-infrared laser beacons commonly used in laser communication systems, and has the potential to be cheaper, easier to point, and to require less regulatory coordination than a laser beacon, while performing the same function. An optical design is detailed, consisting of an array of 80 green LEDs with a center wavelength of 528 nm, producing 15.9 watts of free-space optical power, focused to a beamwidth of 8.12 degrees full-widthhalf-max (FWHM). A link budget is presented that shows the beacon is detectable by a CubeSat-mounted camera with a 7.9 mm diameter aperture and a silicon CMOS detector. A prototype beacon comprised of an LED array, focusing optics, thermal control, and tracking mechanisms was designed and constructed, and laboratory measurements of the beam profile and optical power of the prototype beacon using an optical power meter are presented herein. A field test is also described, in which the beacon was deployed at Wallace Astrophysical Observatory in the early morning of May 15, 2017 and imaged with a camera on AeroCube-5. The array is successfully identified in a sequence of five images taken by the CubeSat, demonstrating the viability of LED uplink beacons with CubeSat imagers. |
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2108 |
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Min, B.; O'Keeffe, Z.; Zhang, F. |
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Title |
Whose Power Gets Cut? Using High-Frequency Satellite Images to Measure Power Supply Irregularity |
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2017 |
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Policy Research Working Papers |
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Remote Sensing |
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In many parts of the developing world, access to electricity is uneven and inconsistent, characterized by frequent and long hours of power outages. Many countries now engage in systematic load shedding because of persistent power shortages. When and where electricity is provided can have important impacts on welfare and growth. But quantifying those impacts is difficult because utility-level data on power outages are rarely available and not always reliable. This paper introduces a new method of tracking power outages from outer space. This measure identifies outage-prone areas by detecting excess fluctuations in light outputs. To develop these measures, the study processed the complete historical archive of sub-orbital Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) nighttime imagery captured over South Asia on every night since 1993. The analysis computes annual estimates of the Power Supply Irregularity index for all 600,000 villages in India from 1993 to 2013. The Power Supply Irregularity index measures are consistent with ground-based measures of power supply reliability from the Indian Human Development Survey, and with feeder-level outage data from one of the largest utilities in India. The study's methods open new opportunities to study the determinants of power outages as well as their impacts on welfare. |
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The World Bank |
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2109 |
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Boyce, P.R. |
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The Present and Future of Lighting Research |
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2018 |
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SDAR* Journal of Sustainable Design & Applied Research |
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6 |
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1 |
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Commentary; Lighting; Vision; Human Health |
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The aim of this paper is to consider where lighting research is today and what its future might be. There is little doubt that, today, lighting research is an active field. A brief review of the topics being studied reveals that they range from residual studies on visibility and visual discomfort, through attempts to identify the influence of lighting on factors beyond visibility such as mood and behaviour, to the whole new field of light and health. But activity alone is not enough to justify a future. For lighting research to have a future it is necessary for it to
be influential. To become influential, research needs to focus its attention on outcomes that matter to people and the elements of those outcomes on which lighting is known to have a major influence. Further, researchers will have to be determined to overcome the barriers to changing lighting practice. By doing this, lighting research may change the world for the better, to be an important topic, not an irrelevance. |
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2113 |
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