| Records |
| Author |
Bará, S.; Ribas, S.; Kocifaj, M. |
| Title |
Modal evaluation of the anthropogenic night sky brightness at arbitrary distances from a light source |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Journal of Optics |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. of Optics |
| Volume |
17 |
Issue |
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Pages |
105607 |
| Keywords |
Skyglow; light propagation, atmospheric optics, light pollution |
| Abstract |
The artificial emissions of light contribute to a high extent to the observed brightness of the night sky in many places of the world. Determining the all-sky radiance of anthropogenic origin requires solving the radiative transfer equation for ground-level light sources, generally resorting to a double-scattering approximation in order to account for the observed radiance patterns with a reasonable degree of accuracy. Since the all-sky radiance distribution produced by an elementary light source depends on the distance to the observer in a way that is not immediately obvious, the contributions of sources located at different distances have to be computed on an individual basis, solving for each one the corresponding scattering integrals. In this paper we show that these calculations may be significantly alleviated by using a modal approach, whereby the hemispheric night-sky radiance is expanded in terms of a convenient basis of two-dimensional (2D) orthogonal functions. Since the modal coefficients of this expansion do vary smoothly with the distance to the observer, the all-sky brightness distributions produced by light sources located at arbitrary intermediate distances can be efficiently estimated by interpolation, provided that the coefficients at a discrete set of distances are accurately determined beforehand. |
| Address |
Area de Optica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Campus Sur, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; salva.bara(at)usc.es |
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IOP |
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English |
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English |
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2040-8986 |
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| Call Number |
IDA @ john @ |
Serial |
1235 |
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| Author |
Wakefield, A.; Stone, E.L.; Jones, G.; Harris, S. |
| Title |
Light-emitting diode street lights reduce last-ditch evasive manoeuvres by moths to bat echolocation calls |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Royal Society Open Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Roy. Soc. Open Sci. |
| Volume |
2 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
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| Keywords |
Animals; artificial lighting; light-emitting diode; street lights; bats; moth predation; Nyctalus |
| Abstract |
The light-emitting diode (LED) street light market is expanding globally, and it is important to understand how LED lights affect wildlife populations. We compared evasive flight responses of moths to bat echolocation calls experimentally under LED-lit and -unlit conditions. Significantly, fewer moths performed ‘powerdive’ flight manoeuvres in response to bat calls (feeding buzz sequences from Nyctalus spp.) under an LED street light than in the dark. LED street lights reduce the anti-predator behaviour of moths, shifting the balance in favour of their predators, aerial hawking bats. |
| Address |
School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK |
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Royal Society |
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English |
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English |
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IDA @ john @ |
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1237 |
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| Author |
Ouyang, J.Q; Maaike de Jong, M.H.; Visser, M.E.; van Grunsven, R.H.A.; Ouyang, J.Q |
| Title |
Stressful colours: corticosterone concentrations in a free-living songbird vary with the spectral composition of experimental illumination |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Biology Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biol. Lett. |
| Volume |
11 |
Issue |
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Pages |
20150517 |
| Keywords |
Animals; birds; corticosterone; stress; Parus major; great tit; artificial light; light spectra |
| Abstract |
Organisms have evolved under natural daily light/dark cycles for millions of years. These cycles have been disturbed as night-time darkness is increasingly replaced by artificial illumination. Investigating the physiological consequences of free-living organisms in artificially lit environments is crucial to determine whether nocturnal lighting disrupts circadian rhythms, changes behaviour, reduces fitness and ultimately affects population numbers. We make use of a unique, large-scale network of replicated field sites which were experimentally illuminated at night using lampposts emanating either red, green, white or no light to test effect on stress hormone concentrations (corticosterone) in a songbird, the great tit (Parus major). Adults nesting in white-light transects had higher corticosterone concentrations than in the other treatments. We also found a significant interaction between distance to the closest lamppost and treatment type: individuals in red light had higher corticosterone levels when they nested closer to the lamppost than individuals nesting farther away, a decline not observed in the green or dark treatment. Individuals with high corticosterone levels had fewer fledglings, irrespective of treatment. These results show that artificial light can induce changes in individual hormonal phenotype. As these effects vary considerably with light spectrum, it opens the possibility to mitigate these effects by selecting street lighting of specific spectra. |
| Address |
Department of Animal Ecology, The Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands; j.ouyang(at)nioo.knaw.nl |
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Royal Society |
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English |
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English |
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IDA @ john @ |
Serial |
1248 |
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| Author |
Thompson, E.K.; Cullinan, N.L.; Jones, T.M.; Hopkins, G.R. |
| Title |
Effects of artificial light at night and male calling on movement patterns and mate location in field crickets |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Animal Behaviour |
| Volume |
158 |
Issue |
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Pages |
183-191 |
| Keywords |
Animals |
| Abstract |
Anthropogenic factors, such as artificial light at night (ALAN), are increasingly linked to significant modifications in animal behaviours, such as foraging or migration. However, few studies have investigated directly whether the presence of ALAN affects the ability to find a mate (mate location). One direct effect of the presence of ALAN is that it can create a light barrier in an otherwise dark environment. This may have significant behavioural implications for nocturnally active species if it affects their ability to respond to potential mates. Our study, using the acoustically orienting Australian black field cricket, Teleogryllus commodus, determined experimentally whether the presence of a fragmented light environment influenced movement patterns of virgin females and males. Moreover, given the importance of male song for reproductive outcomes in this species, we assessed simultaneously whether such behaviours were modified by the presence of a male attraction call. We found that while initiation of movement was slower in the presence of ALAN, the behavioural shifts associated with its presence were relatively small compared to the influence of a broadcast male attraction call. The response to the male attraction call was typically stronger for females than for males, but both males and females modified aspects of behaviour when it was present regardless of whether their immediate environment was fragmented by artificial light at night or not. Artificial light at night may alter subtle aspects of movement and mating behaviour in this species, but ultimately does not provide a barrier to movement or mate location. |
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0003-3472 |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2752 |
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| Author |
Apostol, K.; Dumroese, R.K.; Pinto, J.R.; Davis, A.S. |
| Title |
Response of conifer species from three latitudinal populations to light spectra generated by light-emitting diodes and high-pressure sodium lamps |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Canadian Journal of Forest Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Can. J. For. Res. |
| Volume |
45 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
1711-1719 |
| Keywords |
plants |
| Abstract |
Light-emitting diode (LED) technology shows promise for supplementing photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in forest nurseries because of the potential reduction in energy consumption and an ability to supply discrete wavelengths to optimize seedling growth. Our objective was to examine the effects of light spectra supplied by LED and traditional high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps on growth and physiology of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) and Picea engelmannii (Engelmann spruce) seedlings. We used three latitudinal sources for each species: British Columbia (BC), Idaho (ID), and New Mexico (NM). Container seedlings were grown for 17 weeks in the greenhouse under an 18-h photoperiod of ambient solar light supplemented with light delivered from HPS or LED. In general, seedlings grown under LED had significantly greater growth, gas exchange rates, and chlorophyll contents than those seedlings grown under HPS. The growth and physiological responses to supplemental lighting varied greatly among species and seed sources. Generally, LED-grown seedlings from BC had the greatest growth and tissue dry matter followed by ID and NM populations. Compared with HPS, the significant increase in seedling growth and concomitant energy savings with LED (29% energy consumption relative to HPS) demonstrates the promise of using LED as PAR supplemental lighting for container seedling production. |
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0045-5067 |
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LoNNe @ kyba @ |
Serial |
1250 |
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