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Bennie, J.; Davies, T.W.; Cruse, D.; Inger, R.; Gaston, K.J.; Lewis, O. |
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Title  |
Artificial light at night causes top-down and bottom-up trophic effects on invertebrate populations |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Journal of Applied Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Appl Ecol |
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Volume |
55 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
2698-2706 |
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Keywords |
Ecology; Animals; Plants |
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Abstract |
Globally, many ecosystems are exposed to artificial light at night. Nighttime lighting has direct biological impacts on species at all trophic levels. However, the effects of artificial light on biotic interactions remain, for the most part, to be determined.
We exposed experimental mesocosms containing combinations of grassland plants and invertebrate herbivores and predators to illumination at night over a 3‐year period to simulate conditions under different common forms of street lighting.
We demonstrate both top‐down (predation‐controlled) and bottom‐up (resource‐controlled) impacts of artificial light at night in grassland communities. The impacts on invertebrate herbivore abundance were wavelength‐dependent and mediated via other trophic levels.
White LED lighting decreased the abundance of a generalist herbivore mollusc by 55% in the presence of a visual predator, but not in its absence, while monochromatic amber light (with a peak wavelength similar to low‐pressure sodium lighting) decreased abundance of a specialist herbivore aphid (by 17%) by reducing the cover and flower abundance of its main food plant in the system. Artificial white light also significantly increased the food plant's foliar carbon to nitrogen ratio.
We conclude that exposure to artificial light at night can trigger ecological effects spanning trophic levels, and that the nature of such impacts depends on the wavelengths emitted by the lighting technology employed.
Policy implications. Our results confirm that artificial light at night, at illuminance levels similar to roadside vegetation, can have population effects mediated by both top‐down and bottom‐up effects on ecosystems. Given the increasing ubiquity of light pollution at night, these impacts may be widespread in the environment. These results underline the importance of minimizing ecosystem disruption by reducing light pollution in natural and seminatural ecosystems. |
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English |
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0021-8901 |
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NC @ ehyde3 @ |
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2086 |
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Grunst, M.L.; Raap, T.; Grunst, A.S.; Pinxten, R.; Eens, M. |
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Title |
Artificial light at night does not affect telomere shortening in a developing free-living songbird: A field experiment |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Science of The Total Environment |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science of The Total Environment |
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in press |
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Keywords |
Animals |
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Artificial light at night (ALAN) is an increasingly pervasive anthropogenic disturbance factor. ALAN can seriously disrupt physiological systems that follow circadian rhythms, and may be particularly influential early in life, when developmental trajectories are sensitive to stressful conditions. Using great tits (Parus major) as a model species, we experimentally examined how ALAN affects physiological stress in developing nestlings. We used a repeated-measure design to assess effects of ALAN on telomere shortening, body mass, tarsus length and body condition. Telomeres are repetitive nucleotide sequences that protect chromosomes from damage and malfunction. Early-life telomere shortening can be accelerated by environmental stressors, and has been linked to later-life declines in survival and reproduction. We also assayed nitric oxide, as an additional metric of physiological stress, and determined fledging success. Change in body condition between day 8 and 15 differed according to treatment. Nestlings exposed to ALAN displayed a trend towards a decline in condition, whereas control nestlings displayed a trend towards increased condition. This pattern was driven by a greater increase in tarsus length relative to mass in nestlings exposed to ALAN. Nestlings in poorer condition and nestlings that were smaller than their nest mates had shorter telomeres. However, exposure to ALAN was unrelated to telomere shortening, and also had no effect on nitric oxide concentrations or fledging success. Thus, exposure to ALAN may not have led to sufficient stress to induce telomere shortening. Indeed, plasticity in other physiological systems could allow nestlings to maintain telomere length despite moderate stress. Alternatively, the cascade of physiological and behavioral responses associated with light exposure may have no net effect on telomere dynamics. |
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0048-9697 |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2161 |
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Zubidat, A.E.; Fares, B.; Fares, F.; Haim, A. |
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Title |
Artificial Light at Night of Different Spectral Compositions Differentially Affects Tumor Growth in Mice: Interaction With Melatonin and Epigenetic Pathways |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2018 |
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Cancer Control : Journal of the Moffitt Cancer Center |
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Cancer Control |
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25 |
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1 |
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1073274818812908 |
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Human Health; 6-Smt; Cfl; EE-halogen; GDM-levels; body mass; carbon; corticosterone; cosinor analysis; light at night; yellow-LED |
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Lighting technology is rapidly advancing toward shorter wavelength illuminations that offer energy-efficient properties. Along with this advantage, the increased use of such illuminations also poses some health challenges, particularly breast cancer progression. Here, we evaluated the effects of artificial light at night (ALAN) of 4 different spectral compositions (500-595 nm) at 350 Lux on melatonin suppression by measuring its urine metabolite 6-sulfatoxymelatonin, global DNA methylation, tumor growth, metastases formation, and urinary corticosterone levels in 4T1 breast cancer cell-inoculated female BALB/c mice. The results revealed an inverse dose-dependent relationship between wavelength and melatonin suppression. Short wavelength increased tumor growth, promoted lung metastases formation, and advanced DNA hypomethylation, while long wavelength lessened these effects. Melatonin treatment counteracted these effects and resulted in reduced cancer burden. The wavelength suppression threshold for melatonin-induced tumor growth was 500 nm. These results suggest that short wavelength increases cancer burden by inducing aberrant DNA methylation mediated by the suppression of melatonin. Additionally, melatonin suppression and global DNA methylation are suggested as promising biomarkers for early diagnosis and therapy of breast cancer. Finally, ALAN may manifest other physiological responses such as stress responses that may challenge the survival fitness of the animal under natural environments. |
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1 The Israeli Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Chronobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel |
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SAGE |
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English |
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English |
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1073-2748 |
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PMID:30477310; PMCID:PMC6259078 |
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IDA @ john @ |
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2143 |
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Author |
Durrant, J.; Botha, L.M.; Green, M.P.; Jones, T.M. |
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Title |
Artificial light at night prolongs juvenile development time in the black field cricket, Teleogryllus commodus |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2018 |
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Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part B, Molecular and Developmental Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol |
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330 |
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4 |
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225-233 |
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Animals |
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A growing body of evidence exists to support a detrimental effect of the presence of artificial light at night (ALAN) on life-history and fitness traits. However, few studies simultaneously investigate multiple traits and the life stages at which changes manifest. We experimentally manipulated ALAN intensities, within those found in the natural environment, to explore the consequences for growth, survival, and reproductive success of the field cricket, Teleogryllus commodus. We reared crickets from egg to adult under a daily light-cycle consisting of 12 hr bright daylight (2,600 lx) followed by either 12 hr darkness (0 lx) or dim-light environments (1, 10, or 100 lx). We found egg hatch, adult survival, and reproductive measures were largely comparable for all treatments. However, juvenile development time (number of days from egg to adult) was on average 10 days (14%) longer and adults were also larger when crickets were exposed to any light at night (1, 10, or 100 lx). Our data demonstrate that chronic lifetime exposure to ALAN can modulate the timing of life-history events and may disrupt phenology to a similar extent as other abiotic factors. |
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The School of BioSciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
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1552-5007 |
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PMID:29862646 |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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1925 |
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Author |
Amichai, E.; Kronfeld-Schor, N. |
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Title |
Artificial Light at Night Promotes Activity Throughout the Night in Nesting Common Swifts (Apus apus) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Scientific Reports |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Rep |
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Volume |
9 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
11052 |
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Animals |
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Abstract |
The use of artificial light at night (ALAN) is a rapidly expanding anthropogenic effect that transforms nightscapes throughout the world, causing light pollution that affects ecosystems in a myriad of ways. One of these is changing or shifting activity rhythms, largely synchronized by light cues. We used acoustic loggers to record and quantify activity patterns during the night of a diurnal bird – the common swift – in a nesting colony exposed to extremely intensive artificial illumination throughout the night at Jerusalem's Western Wall. We compared that to activity patterns at three other colonies exposed to none, medium, or medium-high ALAN. We found that in the lower-intensity ALAN colonies swifts ceased activity around sunset, later the more intense the lighting. At the Western Wall, however, swifts remained active throughout the night. This may have important implications for the birds' physiology, breeding cycle, and fitness, and may have cascading effects on their ecosystems. |
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School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel |
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2045-2322 |
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PMID:31363144 |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2594 |
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