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Author |
Aubé, M. |
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Title |
Physical behaviour of anthropogenic light propagation into the nocturnal environment |
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Year |
2015 |
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |
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Volume |
370 |
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20140117 |
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Keywords |
Skyglow; artificial light at night; light pollution; radiative transfer; atmospheric effects; scattering; methods; numerical; sensitivity analysis |
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Abstract |
Propagation of artificial light at night (ALAN) in the environment is now known to have non negligible consequences on fauna, flora and human health. These consequences depend on light levels and their spectral power distributions, which in turn rely on the efficiency of various physical processes involved in the radiative transfer of this light into the atmosphere and its interactions with the built and natural environment. ALAN can affect the living organisms by direct lighting and indirect lighting (scattered by the sky and clouds and/or reflected by local surfaces). This paper mainly focuses on the behaviour of the indirect light scattered under clear sky conditions. Various interaction processes between anthropogenic light sources and the natural environment are discussed. This work mostly relies on a sensitivity analysis conducted with the light pollution radiative transfer model, Illumina (Aubé et al. 2005: Light pollution modelling and detection in a heterogeneous environment: toward a night-time aerosol optical depth retrieval method. In Proc. SPIE 2005, vol. 5890, San Diego, California, USA). More specifically, the impact of (i) the molecular and aerosol scattering and absorption, (ii) the second order of scattering, (iii) the topography and obstacle blocking, (iv) the ground reflectance and (v) the spectrum of light devices and their angular emission functions are examined. This analysis considers different behaviour as a function of the distance from the city centre, along with different zenith viewing angles in the principal plane. |
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Département de physique, Cégep de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada |
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Royal Society |
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English |
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English |
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The biological impacts of artificial light at night: from molecules to communities |
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IDA @ john @ |
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1115 |
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Author |
Sánchez, S. F.; Aceituno, J.; Thiele, U.; Pérez-RamÃrez, D.; Alves, J. |
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Title |
The Night Sky at the Calar Alto Observatory |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
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Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |
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Publ Astron Soc Pac |
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119 |
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860 |
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1186-1200 |
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Keywords |
Skyglow, Darkness |
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0004-6280 |
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LoNNe @ christopher.kyba @ |
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1131 |
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Author |
Bará, S. |
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Title |
Naked-eye astronomy: optics of the starry night skies |
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Journal Article |
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2014 |
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Proc. SPIE 9289, 12th Education and Training in Optics and Photonics Conference, 2014 |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE 9289 |
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9289 |
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Society; light pollution |
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The world at night offers a wealth of stimuli and opportunities as a resource for Optics education, at all age levels and from any (formal, non formal or informal) perspective. The starry sky and the urban nightscape provide a unique combination of pointlike sources with extremely different emission spectra and brightness levels on a generally darker, locally homogeneous background. This fact, combined with the particular characteristics of the human visual system under mesopic and scotopic conditions, provides a perfect setting for experiencing first-hand different optical phenomena of increasing levels of complexity: from the eye's point spread function to the luminance contrast threshold for source detection, from basic diffraction patterns to the intricate irradiance fluctuations due to atmospheric turbulence. Looking at the nightscape is also a perfect occasion to raise awareness on the increasing levels of light pollution associated to the misuse of public and private artificial light at night, to promote a sustainable use of lighting, and to take part in worldwide citizen science campaigns. Last but not least, night sky observing activities can be planned and developed following a very flexible schedule, allowing individual students to carry them out from home and sharing the results in the classroom as well as organizing social events and night star parties with the active engagement of families and groups of the local community. This contribution describes these possibilities and introduces some of the free resources available to put them in practice. |
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Univ. de Santiago de Compostela, Spain; salva.bara@usc.es |
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SPIE |
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English |
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English |
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IDA @ john @ |
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1134 |
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Author |
Bará, S. |
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Title |
Light pollution and solid-state lighting: reducing the carbon dioxide footprint is not enough |
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Journal Article |
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2014 |
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Proc. SPIE 8785, 8th Iberoamerican Optics Meeting and 11th Latin American Meeting on Optics, Lasers, and Applications, 87852G, 2013 |
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Proc. SPIE 8785 |
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8785 |
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*Lighting; LED; light emitting diode; outdoor lighting; artificial light at night; lighting policy; solid-state lighting; blue light |
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Public and private lighting account for a relevant share of the overall electric power consumption worldwide. The pressing need of reducing the carbon dioxide emissions as well as of lowering the lumen•hour price tag has fostered the search for alternative lighting technologies to substitute for the incandescent and gas-discharge based lamps. The most successful approach to date, solid-state lighting, is already finding its way into the public lighting market, very often helped by substantial public investments and support. LED-based sources have distinct advantages: under controlled conditions their efficacy equals or surpasses that of conventional solutions, their small source size allows for an efficient collimation of the lightbeam (delivering the photons where they are actually needed and reducing lightspill on the surrounding areas), and they can be switched and/or dimmed on demand at very high rates, thus allowing for a tailored schedule of lighting. However, energy savings and carbon dioxide reduction are not the only crucial issues faced by present day lighting. A growing body of research has shown the significance of the spectral composition of light when it comes to assess the detrimental effects of artificial light-at-night (ALAN). The potential ALAN blueshift associated to the deployment of LED-based lighting systems has raised sensible concerns about its scientific, cultural, ecological and public health consequences, which can be further amplified if an increased light consumption is produced due to the rebound effect. This contribution addresses some of the challenges that these issues pose to the Optics and Photonics community. |
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Univ. de Santiago de Compostela, Spain; salva.bara@usc.es |
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SPIE |
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English |
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English |
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IDA @ john @ |
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1135 |
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Author |
Estrada-García, R.; García-Gil, M.; Acosta, L.; Bará, S.; Sanchez de Miguel, A.; Zamorano, J. |
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Title |
Statistical modelling and satellite monitoring of upward light from public lighting |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Lighting Research and Technology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Lighting Res. & Tech. |
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Issue |
1477153515583181 |
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1-30 |
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Keywords |
Remote sensing; radiative transfer; modeling; skyglow; light pollution; urban |
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Abstract |
In this work, we propose an approach to estimating the amount of light wasted by being sent towards the upper hemisphere from urban areas. This is a source of light pollution. The approach is based on a predictive model that provides the fraction of light directed skywards in terms of a small set of identified explanatory variables that characterise the urban landscape and its light sources. The model, built via the statistical analysis of a wide sample of basic urban scenarios to compute accurately the amount of light wasted at each of them, establishes an optimal linear regression function that relates the fraction of wasted flux to relevant variables like the kind of luminaires, the street fill factor, the street width, the building and luminaire heights and the walls and pavement reflectances. We applied this model to evaluate the changes in emissions produced at two urban nuclei in the Deltebre municipality of Catalonia. The results agree reasonably well with those deduced from the radiance measurements made with the VIIRS instrument onboard the Suomi-NPP Earth orbiting satellite. |
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Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain; manuel.garcia.gil(at)upc.edu |
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Sage |
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English |
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English |
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IDA @ john @ |
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1155 |
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