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| Author | Fuller, G. (ed) | ||||
| Title | The Night Shift: Lighting and Nocturnal Strepsirrhine Care in Zoos | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 2013 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal  |
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| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | zoos; light at night; circadian disruption; strepsirrhines; primates; lorises; pottos; lighting design | ||||
| Abstract | Over billions of years of evolution, light from the sun, moon, and stars has provided organisms with reliable information about the passage of time. Photic cues entrain the circadian system, allowing animals to perform behaviors critical for survival and reproduction at optimal times. Modern artificial lighting has drastically altered environmental light cues. Evidence is accumulating that exposure to light at night (particularly blue wavelengths) from computer screens, urban light pollution, or as an occupational hazard of night-shift work has major implications for human health. Nocturnal animals are the shift workers of zoos; they are generally housed on reversed light cycles so that daytime visitors can observe their active behaviors. As a result, they are exposed to artificial light throughout their subjective night. The goal of this investigation was to examine critically the care of nocturnal strepsirrhine primates in North American zoos, focusing on lorises (Loris and Nycticebus spp.) and pottos (Perodicticus potto). The general hypothesis was that exhibit lighting design affects activity patterns and circadian physiology in nocturnal strepsirrhines. The first specific aim was to assess the status of these populations. A multi-institutional husbandry survey revealed little consensus among zoos in lighting design, with both red and blue light commonly used for nocturnal illumination. A review of medical records also revealed high rates of neonate mortality. The second aim was to develop methods for measuring the effects of exhibit lighting on behavior and health. The use of actigraphy for automated activity monitoring was explored. Methods were also developed for measuring salivary melatonin and cortisol as indicators of circadian disruption. Finally, a multi-institutional study was conducted comparing behavioral and endocrine responses to red and blue dark phase lighting. These results showed greater activity levels in strepsirrhines housed under red light than blue. Salivary melatonin concentrations in pottos suggested that blue light suppressed nocturnal melatonin production at higher intensities, but evidence for circadian disruption was equivocal. These results add to the growing body of evidence on the detrimental effects of blue light at night and are a step towards empirical recommendations for nocturnal lighting design in zoos. |
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| Address | Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | Ph.D. thesis | |||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | Fuller, G. | ||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | IDA @ john @ | Serial | 327 | ||
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| Author | Luo, Wei (ed) | ||||
| Title | Outdoor lighting – Mesopic photometry, adaptation conditions and user preferences in pedestrian way lighting | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal |
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| Abstract | The starting point of this work is to review the current recommendations and criteria of road and pedestrian way lighting. At present, the emphasis of traffic safety, the increasing energy costs, and improvements in mesopic photometry have led to new discussions about the accuracy of the recommendations for road lighting. Sufficient road lighting is generally based on the lighting requirements given in different lighting classes. For road lighting, the value of 2 cd/m2 is recommended as the minimum average road surface luminance for the highest lighting class in the CIE and CEN publications. The basis of the average road surface luminance for the lower lighting classes is unknown and lacks experimental works. Moreover, the experimental set-ups of the studies conducted in the 1930s and 1950s do not meet the conditions of motor traffic lighting nowadays. They also have deficiencies in the number and age distributions of the subjects. The values of the average horizontal illuminances of the pedestrian way lighting recommendations are based on studies conducted in the 1970s and 1980s. However, no information exists on how the recommended illuminance values are derived for the different lighting classes. The current recommendations for outdoor lighting are based on photopic photometry, this is daylight visibility conditions. In outdoor lighting, the luminances are in the mesopic range. The CIE recommended system for mesopic photometry should be used in providing recommendations and criteria for both road and pedestrian way lighting. Before implementing mesopic photometry, the adaptation luminance of the road users should be known. This study examined the adaptation conditions of pedestrians based on eye-tracking measurements. A case study in a pedestrian way was conducted in Chongqing of China. The study is related to the currently ongoing task of the CIE JCT-1 Implementation of CIE 191 System for Mesopic Photometry in Outdoor Lighting, which is to investigate adaptation and viewing conditions and define visual adaptation fields in outdoor lighting. The case study consisted of eye-tracking measurements and subjective evaluations of the lighting conditions. It was found that the eye-fixation areas and locations were around a central area of the road surface in the horizontal level but spread over a wider area in the vertical level. The subjective importance of facial recognition depends on the specific visual tasks at different light levels in a pedestrian way. The results also suggest that further studies using an eye-tracking system could combine eye-fixation data with pupil size and luminance data. This would help in further analysis of visual adaptation fields of the road users. |
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| Address | Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Finland | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | Ph.D. thesis | |||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | Luo, Wei | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | IDA @ john @ | Serial | 340 | ||
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| Author | Kaniewska, P.; Alon, S.; Karako-Lampert, S.; Hoegh-Guldberg, O.; Levy, O. | ||||
| Title | Signaling cascades and the importance of moonlight in coral broadcast mass spawning | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | eLife | Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume | 4 | Issue | Pages | e09991 | |
| Keywords | Animals; coral; chronobiology; reproductive strategies; reproductive synchronization; Great Barrier Reef; neurohormones; marine; oceans; invertebrates | ||||
| Abstract | Many reef-building corals participate in a mass-spawning event that occurs yearly on the Great Barrier Reef. This coral reproductive event is one of earth's most prominent examples of synchronised behavior, and coral reproductive success is vital to the persistence of coral reef ecosystems. Although several environmental cues have been implicated in the timing of mass spawning, the specific sensory cues that function together with endogenous clock mechanisms to ensure accurate timing of gamete release are largely unknown. Here, we show that moonlight is an important external stimulus for mass spawning synchrony and describe the potential mechanisms underlying the ability of corals to detect environmental triggers for the signaling cascades that ultimately result in gamete release. Our study increases the understanding of reproductive chronobiology in corals and strongly supports the hypothesis that coral gamete release is achieved by a complex array of potential neurohormones and light-sensing molecules. | ||||
| Address | Global Change Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia; oveh(at)uq.edu.au | ||||
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| Publisher | eLife | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
| Language | English | Summary Language | English | Original Title | |
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 2050-084X | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | IDA @ john @ | Serial | 1321 | ||
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| Author | Posudin, Y. | ||||
| Title | Measurement of Light Pollution | Type | Book Chapter | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Methods of Measuring Environmental Parameters | Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume | Chapter 33 | Issue | Pages | ||
| Keywords | Bortle scale; digital photography; light pollution; portable spectrophotometer; sky quality meter; SQM | ||||
| Abstract | Digital photography is based on the conversion of light by sensitive matrix (array of electronic photodetectors) to capture the image which is then digitized and stored as a computer file for further processing and printing. The spectral sensitivity of the cameras is in good agreement with the spectrum of action of the photosensitive hormone melatonin. Digital photography can be used to quantify light pollution acting on the physiology of living organisms. The chapter discusses the principles of spectrophotometry. A portable spectrophotometer for the measurement of light pollution is proposed by Cinzano. It consists of a cooled CCD camera and a small spectrographic head which is equipped with a De Amici prism composed of two external crown prisms and an inner Flint prism. Sky quality meter (SQM) is a portable photometer for measuring sky brightness and for light pollution monitoring. This device collects the light from a wide solid angle. | ||||
| Address | Department of Physics, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences, Ukraine | ||||
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| Publisher | John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | IDA @ john @ | Serial | 359 | ||
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| Author | Warrant, E.; Oskarsson, M.; Malm, H. | ||||
| Title | The Remarkable Visual Abilities of Nocturnal Insects: Neural Principles and Bioinspired Night-Vision Algorithms | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Proceedings of the IEEE | Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume | 102 | Issue | 10 | Pages | 1411 - 1426 |
| Keywords | Animals; Vision | ||||
| Abstract | Despite their tiny eyes and brains, nocturnal insects have remarkable visual abilities. Recent work – particularly on fast-flying moths and bees and on ball-rolling dung beetles – has shown that nocturnal insects are able to distinguish colors, to detect faint movements, to learn visual landmarks, to orient to the faint pattern of polarized light produced by the moon, and to navigate using the stars. These impressive visual abilities are the result of exquisitely adapted eyes and visual systems, the product of millions of years of evolution. Even though we are only at the threshold of understanding the neural mechanisms responsible for reliable nocturnal vision, growing evidence suggests that the neural summation of photons in space and time is critically important: even though vision in dim light becomes necessarily coarser and slower, those details that are preserved are seen clearly. These benefits of spatio-temporal summation have obvious implications for dim-light video technologies. In addition to reviewing the visual adaptations of nocturnal insects, we here describe an algorithm inspired by nocturnal visual processing strategies – from amplification of primary image signals to optimized spatio-temporal summation to reduce noise – that dramatically increases the reliability of video collected in dim light, including the preservation of color. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | LoNNe @ christopher.kyba @ | Serial | 376 | ||
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