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| Author |
Warthen, D.M.; Provencio, I. |
| Title |
The role of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in nonimage-forming responses to light |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2012 |
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Eye and Brain |
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4 |
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43—48 |
| Keywords |
Human Health; amygdala; bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; melanopsin; opsin; optic nerve; retina |
| Abstract |
Light exerts many effects on behavior and physiology. These effects can be characterized as either image-forming or nonimage-forming (NIF) visual processes. Image-forming vision refers to the process of detecting objects and organisms in the environment and distinguishing their physical characteristics, such as size, shape, and direction of motion. NIF vision, in contrast, refers to effects of light that are independent of fine spatiotemporal vision. NIF effects are many and varied, ranging from modulation of basal physiology, such as heart rate and body temperature, to changes in higher functions, such as mood and cognitive performance. In mammals, many NIF effects of light are dependent upon the inner retinal photopigment melanopsin and the cells in which melanopsin is expressed, the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). The ipRGCs project broadly throughout the brain. Many of these projections terminate in areas known to mediate NIF effects, while others terminate in regions whose link to photoreception remains to be established. Additionally, the presence of ipRGC projections to areas of the brain with no known link to photoreception suggests the existence of additional ipRGC-mediated NIF effects. This review summarizes the known NIF effects of light and the role of melanopsin and ipRGCs in driving these effects, with an eye toward stimulating further investigation of the many and varied effects of light on physiology and behavior. |
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LoNNe @ christopher.kyba @ |
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519 |
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Benke, K.E.; Benke, K.K.; Dimitriadis, C. |
| Title |
Spectral content of artificial lighting and effects on health. |
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Journal Article |
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2011 |
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Journal of the Australasian College of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine |
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30 |
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3 |
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13-15 |
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Human Health |
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There is an increasing body of evidence indicating possible health effects from prolonged exposure to artificial lighting after dark. Both compact fluorescent lights and light emitting diode lamps have a greater proportion of blue light in the emission spectrum than the older incandescent light sources. Exposure to the blue light component at night has been the subject of ongoing research, with a number of published studies linking blue light content to the disruption of the internal body clock, suppression of melatonin production and various ocular effects. Aside from short-term discomfort, possible health effects include long-term chronic illnesses, including cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. A brief review of recent research is provided, salient health issues are noted and discussed, and some examples of exposure minimisation strategies are suggested. |
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LoNNe @ christopher.kyba @ |
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520 |
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Reiter, R.J.; Rosales-Corral, S.; Coto-Montes, A.; Antonio Boga, J.; Tan, D.X.; Davis, J.M.; Konturek, P.C.; Konturek, S.J.; Brzozowski, T. |
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The photoperiod, circadian regulation and chronodisruption: the requisite interplay between the suprachiasmatic nuclei and the pineal and gut melatonin. |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology |
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62 |
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269-274 |
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Human Health; biological clock; chronodisruption; circadian rhythm; gastrointestinal melatonin; peptic ulcer; pineal gland; suprachiasmatic nucleus |
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Biological rhythms are essential for optimal health (1, 2). Throughout the course of human evolution, hominids were exposed to regularly alternating periods of light and dark during every 24-hour period. This evolutionary period, which for humans may have lasted for three million or more years, allowed species to take advantage of the light:dark cycle to adjust their physiology and to synchronize it with the prevailing light:dark environment. To take advantage of this information, vertebrates, including hominids, evolved a group of neurons to monitor the photoperiodic environment and to adjust organismal, organ and cellular function accordingly.
This paired group of light-responsive neurons is located in the mediobasal preoptic area at the diencephalic-telencephalic junction just anterior to the hypothalamus. Since these neurons lie immediately above the decussating axons of the optic nerve, i.e., the optic chiasma, they are named the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) (3, 4). The SCN orchestrate all known circadian rhythms in vertebrates and are referred to as the master biological clock or the central rhythm generator. |
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LoNNe @ christopher.kyba @ |
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522 |
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Lima, R.C.; da Cunhac, J.P.; Peixinho, N. |
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Light Pollution: Assessment of Sky Glow on two Dark Sky Regions of Portugal |
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Journal Article |
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2016 |
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Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A: Current Issues |
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J Toxicol Environm Health |
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79 |
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7 |
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307-319 |
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Skyglow; Portugal; Peneda-Gerês National Park; Alqueva |
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Artificial light at night (ALAN), producing light pollution (LP), is not a matter restricted to astronomy anymore. Light is part of modern societies and, as a consequence, the natural cycle day–night (bright–dark) has been interrupted in a large segment of the global population. There is increasing evidence that exposure to certain types of light at night and beyond threshold levels may produce hazardous effects to humans and the environment. The concept of “dark skies reserves†is a step forward in order to preserve the night sky and a means of enhancing public awareness of the problem of spread of light pollution worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess the skyglow at two sites in Portugal, the Peneda-Gerês National Park (PNPG) and the region now known as Dark Sky Alqueva Reserve. The latter site was classified as a “Starlight Tourism Destination“ by the Starlight Foundation (the first in the world to achieve this classification) following a series of night sky measurements in situ described herein. The measurements at PNPG also contributed to the new set of regulations concerning light pollution at this national park. This study presents the first in situ systematic measurements of night sky brightness, showing that at the two sites the skies are mostly in levels 3 to 4 of the Bortle 9-level scale (with level 1 being the best achievable). The results indicate that the sources of light pollution and skyglow can be attributed predominantly to contamination from nearby urban regions. |
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Physics, School of Allied Health Technologies of the Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal; |
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Taylor & Francis |
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English |
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IDA @ john @ |
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1408 |
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| Author |
Chepesiuk, R. |
| Title |
Missing the Dark: Health Effects of Light Pollution |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
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Environmental Health Perspectives |
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117 |
Issue |
1 |
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A20-A27 |
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Human Health |
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LoNNe @ christopher.kyba @ |
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526 |
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