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| Author | Bach, S.; usanne; Degenring, F. (eds) | ||||
| Title | Dark Nights, Bright Lights: Night, Darkness, and Illumination in Literature | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | Society; literature; art | ||||
| Abstract | Light and darkness shape our perception of the world. This is true in a literal sense, but also metaphorically: in theology, philosophy, literature and the arts the light of day signifies life, safety, knowledge and all that is good, while the darkness of the night suggests death, danger, ignorance and evil. A closer inspection, however, reveals that things are not quite so clear cut and that light and darkness cannot be understood as simple binary opposites. On a biological level, for example, daylight and darkness are inseparable factors in the calibration of our circadian rhythms, and a lack of periodical darkness appears to be as contrary to health as a lack of exposure to sunlight. On a cultural level, too, night and darkness are far from being universally condemnable: in fiction, drama and poetry the darkness of the night allows not only nightmares but also dreams, it allows criminals to ply their trade and allows lovers to meet, it allows the pursuit of pleasure as well as deep thought, it allows metamorphoses, transformations and transgressions unthinkable in the light of day. But night is not merely darkness. The night gains significance as an alternative space, as an ‘other of the day’, only when it is at least partially illuminated. The volume examines the interconnection of night, darkness and nocturnal illumination across a broad range of literary texts. The individual essays examine historically specific light conditions in literature, tracing the symbolic and metaphoric content of darkness and illumination and the attitudes towards them. |
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| Publisher | De Gruyter | Place of Publication | Editor | Bach, S.; usanne; Degenring, F. | |
| Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Anglia Book Series | Abbreviated Series Title | ||
Series Volume  |
50 | Series Issue | Edition | ||
| ISSN | ISBN | 978-3-11-041529-2 | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | IDA @ john @ | Serial | 1308 | ||
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| Author | Navara, K.J.; Nelson, R.J. | ||||
| Title | The dark side of light at night: physiological, epidemiological, and ecological consequences | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Journal of Pineal Research | Abbreviated Journal | J Pineal Res |
| Volume | 43 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 215-224 |
| Keywords | Animals; Biological Clocks; *Darkness; Disease; Ecology; Humans; Oxidative Stress; Work | ||||
| Abstract | Organisms must adapt to the temporal characteristics of their surroundings to successfully survive and reproduce. Variation in the daily light cycle, for example, acts through endocrine and neurobiological mechanisms to control several downstream physiological and behavioral processes. Interruptions in normal circadian light cycles and the resulting disruption of normal melatonin rhythms cause widespread disruptive effects involving multiple body systems, the results of which can have serious medical consequences for individuals, as well as large-scale ecological implications for populations. With the invention of electrical lights about a century ago, the temporal organization of the environment has been drastically altered for many species, including humans. In addition to the incidental exposure to light at night through light pollution, humans also engage in increasing amounts of shift-work, resulting in repeated and often long-term circadian disruption. The increasing prevalence of exposure to light at night has significant social, ecological, behavioral, and health consequences that are only now becoming apparent. This review addresses the complicated web of potential behavioral and physiological consequences resulting from exposure to light at night, as well as the large-scale medical and ecological implications that may result. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. knavara@gmail.com | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0742-3098 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:17803517 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | IDA @ john @ | Serial | 17 | ||
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| Author | Gerrish, G.A.; Morin, J.G.; Rivers, T.J.; Patrawala, Z. | ||||
| Title | Darkness as an ecological resource: the role of light in partitioning the nocturnal niche | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Oecologia | Abbreviated Journal | Oecologia |
| Volume | 160 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 525-536 |
| Keywords | Age Factors; Animals; Belize; Crustacea/*physiology; *Darkness; *Ecosystem; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Linear Models; Motor Activity/*physiology; Photoperiod; Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology; Water Movements | ||||
| Abstract | Nocturnal behaviors that vary as a function of light intensity, either from the setting sun or the moon, are typically labeled as circadian or circalunar. Both of these terms refer to endogenous time-dependent behaviors. In contrast, the nightly reproductive and feeding behaviors of Vargula annecohenae, a bioluminescent ostracod (Arthropoda: Crustacea) fluctuate in response to light intensity, an exogenous factor that is not strictly time-dependent. We measured adult and juvenile activity of V. annecohenae throughout lunar cycles in January/February and June 2003. Overnight and nightly measurements of foraging and reproductive behavior of adult V. annecohenae indicated that activity was greatest when a critical “dark threshold” was reached and that the dark threshold for adult V. annecohenae is met when less than a third of the moon is visible or at the intensity of light 2-3 min before the start of nautical twilight when no moon is illuminated. Juvenile V. annecohenae were also nocturnally active but demonstrated little or no response to lunar illumination, remaining active even during brightly moonlit periods. In addition to light level, water velocity also influenced the behaviors of V. annecohenae, with fewer juveniles and adults actively foraging on nights when water velocity was high (>25 cm/s). Our data demonstrate that the strongest environmental factor influencing adult feeding and reproductive behaviors of V. annecohenae is the availability of time when illumination is below the critical dark threshold. This dependence on darkness for successful growth and reproduction allows us to classify darkness as a resource, in the same way that the term has been applied to time, space and temperature. | ||||
| Address | Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA. ggerrish@nd.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0029-8549 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:19330516 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | IDA @ john @ | Serial | 16 | ||
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| Author | Horváth, G.; Kriska, G.; Malik, P.; Robertson, B. | ||||
| Title | Polarized light pollution: a new kind of ecological photopollution | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | Abbreviated Journal | Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment |
| Volume | 7 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 317-325 |
| Keywords | light pollution; polarization; polarized light pollution | ||||
| Abstract | The alteration of natural cycles of light and dark by artificial light sources has deleterious impacts on animals and ecosystems. Many animals can also exploit a unique characteristic of light – its direction of polarization –as a source of information. We introduce the term “polarized light pollution†(PLP) to focus attention on the ecological consequences of light that has been polarized through interaction with human-made objects. Unnatural polarized light sources can trigger maladaptive behaviors in polarization-sensitive taxa and alter ecological interactions. PLP is an increasingly common byproduct of human technology, and mitigating its effects through selective use of building materials is a realistic solution. Our understanding of how most species use polarization vision is limited, but the capacity of PLP to drastically increase mortality and reproductive failure in animal populations suggests that PLP should become a focus for conservation biologists and resource managers alike. | ||||
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Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1540-9295 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | IDA @ john @ | Serial | 22 | ||
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| Author | Kyba, C.C.M.; Ruhtz, T.; Fischer, J.; Hölker, F. | ||||
| Title | Lunar skylight polarization signal polluted by urban lighting | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres | Abbreviated Journal | J. Geophys. Res. |
| Volume | 116 | Issue | D24 | Pages | |
| Keywords | aeroecology; ecological light pollution; light pollution; moonlight; nocturnal navigation; polarized light | ||||
| Abstract | On clear moonlit nights, a band of highly polarized light stretches across the sky at a 90 degree angle from the moon, and it was recently demonstrated that nocturnal organisms are able to navigate based on it. Urban skyglow is believed to be almost unpolarized, and is therefore expected to dilute this unique partially linearly polarized signal. We found that urban skyglow has a greater than expected degree of linear polarization (p = 8.6 ± 0.3%), and confirmed that its presence diminishes the natural lunar polarization signal. We also observed that the degree of linear polarization can be reduced as the moon rises, due to the misalignment between the polarization angles of the skyglow and scattered moonlight. Under near ideal observing conditions, we found that the lunar polarization signal was clearly visible (p = 29.2 ± 0.8%) at a site with minimal light pollution 28 km from Berlin's center, but was reduced (p = 11.3 ± 0.3%) within the city itself. Daytime measurements indicate that without skyglow pwould likely be in excess of 50%. These results indicate that nocturnal animal navigation systems based on perceiving polarized scattered moonlight likely fail to operate properly in highly light-polluted areas, and that future light pollution models must take polarization into account. | ||||
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Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0148-0227 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | IDA @ john @ | Serial | 21 | ||
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