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Author |
Smith, M.R.; Eastman, C.I. |
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Title |
Shift work: health, performance and safety problems, traditional countermeasures, and innovative management strategies to reduce circadian misalignment |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Nature and Science of Sleep |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nat Sci Sleep |
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Volume |
4 |
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Pages |
111-132 |
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Keywords |
bright light; circadian rhythms; melatonin; night work; phase-shifting; sleep |
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Abstract |
There are three mechanisms that may contribute to the health, performance, and safety problems associated with night-shift work: (1) circadian misalignment between the internal circadian clock and activities such as work, sleep, and eating, (2) chronic, partial sleep deprivation, and (3) melatonin suppression by light at night. The typical countermeasures, such as caffeine, naps, and melatonin (for its sleep-promoting effect), along with education about sleep and circadian rhythms, are the components of most fatigue risk-management plans. We contend that these, while better than nothing, are not enough because they do not address the underlying cause of the problems, which is circadian misalignment. We explain how to reset (phase-shift) the circadian clock to partially align with the night-work, day-sleep schedule, and thus reduce circadian misalignment while preserving sleep and functioning on days off. This involves controlling light and dark using outdoor light exposure, sunglasses, sleep in the dark, and a little bright light during night work. We present a diagram of a sleep-and-light schedule to reduce circadian misalignment in permanent night work, or a rotation between evenings and nights, and give practical advice on how to implement this type of plan. |
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Biological Rhythms Research Laboratory, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA |
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English |
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1179-1608 |
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PMID:23620685; PMCID:PMC3630978 |
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no |
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IDA @ john @ |
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149 |
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Author |
Vollmer, C.; Michel, U.; Randler, C. |
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Title |
Outdoor light at night (LAN) is correlated with eveningness in adolescents |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Chronobiology International |
Abbreviated Journal |
Chronobiol Int |
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Volume |
29 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
502-508 |
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Keywords |
Adolescent; *Adolescent Behavior/drug effects; Biological Clocks; Central Nervous System Stimulants/administration & dosage; *Circadian Rhythm/drug effects; Computers; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Germany; Humans; *Light; Lighting; Male; *Photic Stimulation; *Photoperiod; Questionnaires; *Sleep/drug effects; Television; Time Factors; Video Games; *Wakefulness/drug effects |
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Abstract |
External zeitgebers synchronize the human circadian rhythm of sleep and wakefulness. Humans adapt their chronotype to the day-night cycle, the strongest external zeitgeber. The human circadian rhythm shifts to evening-type orientation when daylight is prolonged into the evening and night hours by artificial light sources. Data from a survey of 1507 German adolescents covering questions about chronotype and electronic screen media use combined with nocturnal satellite image data suggest a relationship between chronotype and artificial nocturnal light. Adolescents living in brightly illuminated urban districts had a stronger evening-type orientation than adolescents living in darker and more rural municipalities. This result persisted when controlling for time use of electronic screen media, intake of stimulants, type of school, age, puberty status, time of sunrise, sex, and population density. Time spent on electronic screen media use-a source of indoor light at night-is also correlated with eveningness, as well as intake of stimulants, age, and puberty status, and, to a lesser degree, type of school and time of sunrise. Adequate urban development design and parents limiting adolescents' electronic screen media use in the evening could help to adjust adolescents' zeitgeber to early school schedules when they provide appropriate lighting conditions for daytime and for nighttime. |
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Department of Biology, University of Education Heidelberg, Germany. vollmer@ph-heidelberg.de |
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0742-0528 |
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PMID:22214237 |
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IDA @ john @ |
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150 |
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Author |
Sahar, S.; Sassone-Corsi, P. |
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Title |
Regulation of metabolism: the circadian clock dictates the time |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism: TEM |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends Endocrinol Metab |
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23 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
1-8 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Chronobiology Disorders/metabolism; *Circadian Clocks; *Circadian Rhythm; Circadian Rhythm Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism; *Energy Metabolism; Humans; Metabolome |
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Circadian rhythms occur with a periodicity of approximately 24h and regulate a wide array of metabolic and physiologic functions. Accumulating epidemiological and genetic evidence indicates that disruption of circadian rhythms can be directly linked to many pathological conditions, including sleep disorders, depression, metabolic syndrome and cancer. Intriguingly, several molecular gears constituting the clock machinery have been found to establish functional interplays with regulators of cellular metabolism. Although the circadian clock regulates multiple metabolic pathways, metabolite availability and feeding behavior can in turn regulate the circadian clock. An in-depth understanding of this reciprocal regulation of circadian rhythms and cellular metabolism may provide insights into the development of therapeutic intervention against specific metabolic disorders. |
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Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA |
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1043-2760 |
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PMID:22169754; PMCID:PMC3259741 |
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no |
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Call Number |
IDA @ john @ |
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151 |
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Author |
Evans, J.A.; Elliott, J.A.; Gorman, M.R. |
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Title |
Dim nighttime illumination accelerates adjustment to timezone travel in an animal model |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Current Biology : CB |
Abbreviated Journal |
Curr Biol |
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19 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
R156-7 |
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Keywords |
*Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Biological Clocks/*physiology; Circadian Rhythm/*physiology; Cricetinae; Humans; *Lighting; Mesocricetus; Mice; Motor Activity/physiology; Phodopus; *Photoperiod; Time Factors |
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Jetlag reflects a mismatch between local and circadian time following rapid timezone travel [1]. Appropriately timed bright light can shift human circadian rhythms but recovery is slow (e.g., 1-2 days per timezone). Most symptoms subside after resynchronization, but chronic jetlag may have enduring negative effects [2], including even accelerated mortality in mice [3]. Melatonin, prescription drugs, and/or exercise may help shift the clock but, like bright light, require complex schedules of application [1]. Thus, there is a need for more efficient and practical treatments for addressing jetlag. In contrast to bright daytime lighting, nighttime conditions have received scant attention. By incorporating more naturalistic nighttime lighting comparable in intensity to dim moonlight, we demonstrate that recovery after simulated jetlag is accelerated when nights are dimly lit rather than completely dark. |
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English |
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ISSN |
0960-9822 |
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Notes |
PMID:19243688 |
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no |
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Call Number |
IDA @ john @ |
Serial |
152 |
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Author |
Fritschi, L.; Erren, T.C.; Glass, D.C.; Girschik, J.; Thomson, A.K.; Saunders, C.; Boyle, T.; El-Zaemey, S.; Rogers, P.; Peters, S.; Slevin, T.; D'Orsogna, A.; de Vocht, F.; Vermeulen, R.; Heyworth, J.S. |
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Title |
The association between different night shiftwork factors and breast cancer: a case-control study |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
British Journal of Cancer |
Abbreviated Journal |
Br J Cancer |
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Volume |
109 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
2472-2480 |
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Keywords |
Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Breast Neoplasms/*epidemiology/etiology; Case-Control Studies; Female; Humans; Life Style; Middle Aged; Questionnaires; Risk; Risk Factors; Western Australia/epidemiology; *Work Schedule Tolerance; Young Adult; oncogenesis |
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BACKGROUND: Research on the possible association between shiftwork and breast cancer is complicated because there are many different shiftwork factors, which might be involved including: light at night, phase shift, sleep disruption and changes in lifestyle factors while on shiftwork (diet, physical activity, alcohol intake and low sun exposure). METHODS: We conducted a population-based case-control study in Western Australia from 2009 to 2011 with 1205 incident breast cancer cases and 1789 frequency age-matched controls. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect demographic, reproductive, and lifestyle factors and lifetime occupational history and a telephone interview was used to obtain further details about the shiftwork factors listed above. RESULTS: A small increase in risk was suggested for those ever doing the graveyard shift (work between midnight and 0500 hours) and breast cancer (odds ratio (OR)=1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.97-1.39). For phase shift, we found a 22% increase in breast cancer risk (OR=1.22, 95% CI=1.01-1.47) with a statistically significant dose-response relationship (P=0.04). For the other shiftwork factors, risks were marginally elevated and not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: We found some evidence that some of the factors involved in shiftwork may be associated with breast cancer but the ORs were low and there were inconsistencies in duration and dose-response relationships. |
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Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia |
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English |
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ISSN |
0007-0920 |
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PMID:24022188; PMCID:PMC3817316 |
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Call Number |
IDA @ john @ |
Serial |
153 |
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