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Raven, J.A.; Cockell, C.S. |
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Title |
Influence on photosynthesis of starlight, moonlight, planetlight, and light pollution (reflections on photosynthetically active radiation in the universe) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Astrobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Astrobiology |
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Volume |
6 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
668-675 |
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Keywords |
Plants |
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Abstract |
Photosynthesis on Earth can occur in a diversity of organisms in the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) range of 10 nmol of photons m(-2) s(-1) to 8 mmol of photons m(-2) s(-1). Similar considerations would probably apply to photosynthetic organisms on Earth-like planets (ELPs) in the continuously habitable zone of other stars. On Earth, starlight PAR is inadequate for photosynthetically supported growth. An increase in starlight even to reach the minimum theoretical levels to allow for photosynthesis would require a universe that was approximately ten million times older, or with a ten million times greater density of stars, than is the case for the present universe. Photosynthesis on an ELP using PAR reflected from a natural satellite with the same size as our Moon, but at the Roche limit, could support a low rate of photosynthesis at full Moon. Photosynthesis on an ELP-like satellite of a Jupiter-sized planet using light reflected from the planet could be almost 1% of the rate in full sunlight on Earth when the planet was full. These potential contributions to photosynthesis require that the contribution is compared with the rate of photosynthesis driven by direct radiation from the star. Light pollution on Earth only energizes photosynthesis by organisms that are very close to the light source. However, effects of light pollution on photosynthesis can be more widespread if the photosynthetic canopy is retained for more of the year, caused by effects on photoperiodism, with implications for the influence of civilizations on photosynthesis. |
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Plant Research Unit, University of Dundee at SCRI, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom |
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1557-8070 |
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PMID:16916290 |
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LoNNe @ christopher.kyba @ |
Serial |
1198 |
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Author |
Reiter, R.J.; Gultekin, F.; Manchester, L.C.; Tan, D.-X. |
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Title |
Light pollution, melatonin suppression and cancer growth |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Journal of Pineal Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Pineal Res |
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Volume |
40 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
357-358 |
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Keywords |
Human Health; Animals; Cell Division; Cell Line, Tumor; Humans; *Light; Melatonin/*antagonists & inhibitors; Neoplasms/*pathology; Rats |
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0742-3098 |
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PMID:16635025 |
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LoNNe @ kagoburian @ |
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798 |
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Author |
Rich, C.; Longcore, T.; editors |
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Title |
Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting |
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2006 |
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Island Press. |
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Ecology |
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LoNNe @ christopher.kyba @ |
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479 |
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Ruger, M.; Gordijn, M.C.M.; Beersma, D.G.M.; de Vries, B.; Daan, S. |
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Title |
Time-of-day-dependent effects of bright light exposure on human psychophysiology: comparison of daytime and nighttime exposure |
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2006 |
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American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology |
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Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol |
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290 |
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5 |
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R1413-20 |
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Human Health; Adult; Body Temperature/*physiology; Circadian Rhythm/*physiology; Fatigue/*physiopathology; Heart Rate/*physiology; Humans; Hydrocortisone/*blood; *Light; Sleep Stages/*physiology |
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Bright light can influence human psychophysiology instantaneously by inducing endocrine (suppression of melatonin, increasing cortisol levels), other physiological changes (enhancement of core body temperature), and psychological changes (reduction of sleepiness, increase of alertness). Its broad range of action is reflected in the wide field of applications, ranging from optimizing a work environment to treating depressed patients. For optimally applying bright light and understanding its mechanism, it is crucial to know whether its effects depend on the time of day. In this paper, we report the effects of bright light given at two different times of day on psychological and physiological parameters. Twenty-four subjects participated in two experiments (n = 12 each). All subjects were nonsmoking, healthy young males (18-30 yr). In both experiments, subjects were exposed to either bright light (5,000 lux) or dim light <10 lux (control condition) either between 12:00 P.M. and 4:00 P.M. (experiment A) or between midnight and 4:00 A.M. (experiment B). Hourly measurements included salivary cortisol concentrations, electrocardiogram, sleepiness (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale), fatigue, and energy ratings (Visual Analog Scale). Core body temperature was measured continuously throughout the experiments. Bright light had a time-dependent effect on heart rate and core body temperature; i.e., bright light exposure at night, but not in daytime, increased heart rate and enhanced core body temperature. It had no significant effect at all on cortisol. The effect of bright light on the psychological variables was time independent, since nighttime and daytime bright light reduced sleepiness and fatigue significantly and similarly. |
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Department of Chronobiology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. Melanie.Rueger@med.nyu.edu |
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0363-6119 |
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PMID:16373441 |
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LoNNe @ kagoburian @ |
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801 |
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Author |
Sella, K.N.; Salmon, M.; Witherington, B.E. |
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Title |
Filtered Streetlights Attract Hatchling Marine Turtles |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Chelonian Conservation and Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Chelonian Conservation and Biology |
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5 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
255-261 |
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Keywords |
Reptilia; Testudines; Cheloniidae; Loggerhead turtle; turtles; marine turtles; reptiles; Caretta caretta; Chelonia mydas; hatchlings; artificial lighting; light “trappingâ€; orientation; seafinding; Florida |
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Abstract |
On many nesting beaches, hatchling marine turtles are exposed to poled street lighting that disrupts their ability to crawl to the sea. Experiments were done to determine how hatchlings responded to street lighting transmitted through 2 filters that excluded the most disruptive wavelengths (those < 530 nm; those < 570 nm). Filtered lighting, however, also attracted the turtles though not as strongly as an unfiltered (high-pressure sodium vapor) lighting. Filtering is therefore of limited utility for light management, especially since other alternatives (such as lowering, shielding, or turning off unnecessary lighting; use of dimmer lights embedded in roadways) are more effective. |
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1071-8443 |
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IDA @ john @ |
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78 |
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