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Raven, J.A.; Cockell, C.S. |
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Title |
Influence on photosynthesis of starlight, moonlight, planetlight, and light pollution (reflections on photosynthetically active radiation in the universe) |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
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Astrobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Astrobiology |
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6 |
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4 |
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668-675 |
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Keywords |
Plants |
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Abstract |
Photosynthesis on Earth can occur in a diversity of organisms in the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) range of 10 nmol of photons m(-2) s(-1) to 8 mmol of photons m(-2) s(-1). Similar considerations would probably apply to photosynthetic organisms on Earth-like planets (ELPs) in the continuously habitable zone of other stars. On Earth, starlight PAR is inadequate for photosynthetically supported growth. An increase in starlight even to reach the minimum theoretical levels to allow for photosynthesis would require a universe that was approximately ten million times older, or with a ten million times greater density of stars, than is the case for the present universe. Photosynthesis on an ELP using PAR reflected from a natural satellite with the same size as our Moon, but at the Roche limit, could support a low rate of photosynthesis at full Moon. Photosynthesis on an ELP-like satellite of a Jupiter-sized planet using light reflected from the planet could be almost 1% of the rate in full sunlight on Earth when the planet was full. These potential contributions to photosynthesis require that the contribution is compared with the rate of photosynthesis driven by direct radiation from the star. Light pollution on Earth only energizes photosynthesis by organisms that are very close to the light source. However, effects of light pollution on photosynthesis can be more widespread if the photosynthetic canopy is retained for more of the year, caused by effects on photoperiodism, with implications for the influence of civilizations on photosynthesis. |
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Plant Research Unit, University of Dundee at SCRI, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom |
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1557-8070 |
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PMID:16916290 |
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LoNNe @ christopher.kyba @ |
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1198 |
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Powe, N.A; Willis, K.G.; Garrod, G.D. |
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Title |
Difficulties in Valuing Street Light Improvement: Trust, Surprise and Bound Effects |
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2006 |
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Applied Economics |
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38 |
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4 |
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371–381 |
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Economics |
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LoNNe @ kagoburian @ |
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1055 |
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Morgan Taylor, M. |
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Title |
Light Pollution and Nuisance: The Enforcement Guidance for Light as a Statutory Nuisance. |
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2006 |
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Journal of Planning & Environmental Law |
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1114–1127 |
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Regulations |
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1048 |
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Fisher, N.A. |
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Title |
Reclaiming the „Dark Sky“. |
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2006 |
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Electrical Contracting Products |
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9 |
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6 |
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30–31 |
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Energy; Lighting |
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1036 |
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Habib, A.; Pullivelli, A.; Mitishita, E.; Ghanma, M.; Kim, E.-M. |
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Title |
Stability analysis of low-cost digital cameras for aerial mapping using different georeferencing techniques. |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
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The Photogrammetric Record |
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21 |
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113 |
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29–43 |
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Remote Sensing |
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944 |
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