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Author |
Haus, E.; Smolensky, M. |
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Title |
Biological clocks and shift work: circadian dysregulation and potential long-term effects |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Cancer Causes & Control : CCC |
Abbreviated Journal |
Cancer Causes Control |
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Volume |
17 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
489-500 |
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Keywords |
Human Health; Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Biological Clocks; Cardiovascular Abnormalities/etiology; Chronobiology Disorders/*complications/physiopathology; Chronobiology Phenomena; Humans; Neoplasms/etiology; Occupational Diseases/*etiology; Risk Factors; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/physiopathology; *Work Schedule Tolerance |
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Abstract |
Long-term epidemiologic studies on large numbers of night and rotating shift workers have suggested an increase in the incidence of breast and colon cancer in these populations. These studies suffer from poor definition and quantification of the work schedules of the exposed subjects. Against this background, the pathophysiology of phase shift and phase adaptation is reviewed. A phase shift as experienced in night and rotating shift work involves desynchronization at the molecular level in the circadian oscillators in the central nervous tissue and in most peripheral tissues of the body. There is a change in the coordination between oscillators with transient loss of control by the master-oscillator (the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, SCN) in the hypothalamus. The implications of the pathophysiology of phase shift are discussed for long-term health effects and for the design of ergonomic work schedules minimizing the adverse health effects upon the worker. |
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Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, Health Partners Medical Group, Regions Hospital, St. Paul, Minnesota 55101, USA. Erhard.X.Haus@Healthpartners.com |
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0957-5243 |
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PMID:16596302 |
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LoNNe @ kagoburian @ |
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760 |
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Author |
Moser, M.; Schaumberger, K.; Schernhammer, E.; Stevens, R.G. |
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Title |
Cancer and rhythm |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Cancer Causes & Control : CCC |
Abbreviated Journal |
Cancer Causes Control |
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Volume |
17 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
483-487 |
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Keywords |
Human Health; Animals; Breast Neoplasms/etiology/physiopathology/prevention & control; Chronobiology Phenomena; Chronotherapy; *Circadian Rhythm; Humans; Life Style; Melatonin/metabolism; Neoplasms/etiology/*physiopathology/prevention & control/therapy; Risk Factors |
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0957-5243 |
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PMID:16596301 |
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LoNNe @ kagoburian @ |
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786 |
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Author |
Bullough, J.D.; Rea, M.S.; Figueiro, M.G. |
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Title |
Of mice and women: light as a circadian stimulus in breast cancer research |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Cancer Causes & Control : CCC |
Abbreviated Journal |
Cancer Causes Control |
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Volume |
17 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
375-383 |
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Keywords |
Human Health; Animals; Breast Neoplasms/*physiopathology; *Circadian Rhythm; *Disease Models, Animal; Female; Humans; *Light; Light Signal Transduction; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/*physiopathology; Melatonin/metabolism; Mice; Muridae/metabolism |
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OBJECTIVE: Nocturnal rodents are frequently used as models in human breast cancer research, but these species have very different visual and circadian systems and, therefore, very different responses to optical radiation or, informally, light. Because of the impact of light on the circadian system and because recent evidence suggests that cancer risk might be related to circadian disruption, it is becoming increasingly clear that optical radiation must be properly characterized for both nocturnal rodents and diurnal humans to make significant progress in unraveling links between circadian disruption and breast cancer. In this paper, we propose a quantitative framework for comparing radiometric and photometric quantities in human and rodent studies. METHODS: We reviewed published research on light as a circadian stimulus for humans and rodents. Both suppression of nocturnal melatonin and phase shifting were examined as outcome measures for the circadian system. RESULTS: The data were used to develop quantitative comparisons regarding the absolute and spectral sensitivity for the circadian systems of humans and nocturnal rodents. CONCLUSIONS: Two models of circadian phototransduction, for mouse and humans, have been published providing spectral sensitivities for these two species. Despite some methodological variations among the studies reviewed, the circadian systems of nocturnal rodents are approximately 10,000 times more sensitive to optical radiation than that of humans. Circadian effectiveness of different sources for both humans and nocturnal rodents are offered together with a scale relating their absolute sensitivities. Instruments calibrated in terms of conventional photometric units (e.g., lux) will not accurately characterize the circadian stimulus for either humans or rodents. |
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Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 21 Union Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA. bulloj@rpi.edu |
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0957-5243 |
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PMID:16596289 |
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LoNNe @ kagoburian @ |
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726 |
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Author |
Cajochen, C.; Jud, C.; Munch, M.; Kobialka, S.; Wirz-Justice, A.; Albrecht, U. |
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Title |
Evening exposure to blue light stimulates the expression of the clock gene PER2 in humans |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
The European Journal of Neuroscience |
Abbreviated Journal |
Eur J Neurosci |
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Volume |
23 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
1082-1086 |
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Keywords |
Human Health; Adult; Color; Darkness; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Female; Gene Expression/*radiation effects; Humans; *Light; Male; Melatonin/metabolism; Mucous Membrane/metabolism/radiation effects; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/*metabolism; Period Circadian Proteins; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism |
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We developed a non-invasive method to measure and quantify human circadian PER2 gene expression in oral mucosa samples and show that this gene oscillates in a circadian (= about a day) fashion. We also have the first evidence that induction of human PER2 expression is stimulated by exposing subjects to 2 h of light in the evening. This increase in PER2 expression was statistically significant in comparison to a non-light control condition only after light at 460 nm (blue) but not after light exposure at 550 nm (green). Our results indicate that the non-image-forming visual system is involved in human circadian gene expression. The demonstration of a functional circadian machinery in human buccal samples and its response to light opens the door for investigation of human circadian rhythms at the gene level and their associated disorders. |
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Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, CH-4025 Basel, Switzerland. christian.cajochen@unibas.ch |
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0953-816X |
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Notes |
PMID:16519674 |
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LoNNe @ kagoburian @ |
Serial |
727 |
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Author |
Takemura, A.; Ueda, S.; Hiyakawa, N.; Nikaido, Y. |
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Title |
A direct influence of moonlight intensity on changes in melatonin production by cultured pineal glands of the golden rabbitfish, Siganus guttatus |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Journal of Pineal Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Pineal Res |
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Volume |
40 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
236-241 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Circadian Rhythm; *Light; Melatonin/biosynthesis/*secretion; *Moon; Organ Culture Techniques; Perciformes/*physiology; Pineal Gland/physiology/*radiation effects |
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Rabbitfish are a restricted lunar-synchronized spawner that spawns around a species-specific lunar phase. It is not known how the fish perceive changes in cues from the moon. One possible explanation is that rabbitfish utilize changes in moonlight intensity to establish synchrony. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether or not the pineal gland of the golden rabbitfish can directly perceive changes in moonlight intensity. Isolated pineal glands were statically cultured under natural or artificial light conditions and melatonin secreted into the culture medium was measured using a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. Under an artificial light/dark cycle, melatonin secretion significantly increased during the dark phase. Under continuous light conditions, melatonin secretion was suppressed, while culture under continuous dark conditions seemed to duplicate melatonin secretion corresponding to the light/dark cycle in which the fish were acclimated. When cultured pineal glands were kept under natural light conditions on the dates of the full and the new moon, small amounts of melatonin were secreted at night. Moreover, exposure of cultured pineal glands to artificial and natural light conditions resulted in a significant decrease of melatonin secretion within 2 hr. These results suggest that the isolated pineal gland of golden rabbitfish responds to environmental light cycles and that 'brightness' of the night moon has an influence on melatonin secretion from the isolated pineal gland. |
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Sesoko Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Motobu, Okinawa, Japan. tilapia@lab.u-ryukyu.ac.jp |
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0742-3098 |
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PMID:16499560 |
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IDA @ john @ |
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70 |
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