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Author |
Marchant, P.R. |
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Title |
Investigating whether a crime reduction measure works |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Radical Statistics |
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91 |
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Keywords |
Public Safety |
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Abstract |
Crime is a serious business. It causes great distress and fear. It costs a lot
to deal with its consequences. In these regards crime shares much with
the problem of ill-health and disease. The application of sound science and
statistics has allowed great strides to be made in dealing with problems of
ill health. Medical statistics is one of the recognised, established
disciplines involved in researching healthcare.
The parallels between research in crime reduction and in healthcare do
appear to differ in terms of quality. Although there is still room for
considerable improvement in researching health-care, an investigation
into the underpinning of statistical methods used indicates that the
problems are substantially worse in the study of crime. The consideration
given to statistics in crime studies seems rather flimsy, yet important
claims are made which are statistical at source and may affect policy, and
so can have considerable costs attached. Therefore, for example, it is
important to know whether the underlying crime level has really changed,
rather than just being the result of perhaps sampling variation or some
artefact giving rise to statistical bias or systematic error. This is necessary
when trying to determine whether a Crime Reduction Intervention (CRI)
has actually worked.
I started examining the scientific basis of the claim for the effectiveness for
one particular CRI, basically because I was concerned about negative side
effects and I thought the claim implausible. I remain concerned and
unconvinced. The statistical issues and concerns I raise apply also to
investigating other CRIs and to existing published analyses.
This piece extends work presented in Marchant (2006); earlier work on the
statistical issues involved can be found in Marchant (2005a, b; 2004). |
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LoNNe @ christopher.kyba @ |
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452 |
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Baker, B.J.; Richardson, J.M.L. |
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Title |
The effect of artificial light on male breeding-season behaviour in green frogs,Rana clamitans melanota |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
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Canadian Journal of Zoology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Can. J. Zool. |
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84 |
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10 |
Pages |
1528-1532 |
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animals; amphibians; frogs; green frogs; Rana clamitans melanota; Reproduction; reproductive strategies |
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Artificial night lighting (or ecological light pollution) is only now gaining attention as a source of long-term effects on the ecology of both diurnal and nocturnal animals. The limited data available clearly indicate that artificial light can affect physiology and behaviour of animals, leading to ecological consequences at the population, community, and ecosystem levels. Aquatic ecosystems may be particularly vulnerable to such effects, and nocturnally breeding animals such as frogs may be especially affected. To address this potential, we quantify the effects of artificial light on calling and movement behaviour in a rural population of male green frogs (Rana clamitans melanota (Rafinesque, 1820)) during the breeding season. When exposed to artificial light, frogs produced fewer advertisement calls and moved more frequently than under ambient light conditions. Results clearly demonstrate that male green frog behaviour is affected by the presence of artificial light in a manner that has the potential to reduce recruitment rates and thus affect population dynamics. |
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0008-4301 |
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IDA @ john @ |
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71 |
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Chalkias, C.; Petrakis, M.; Psiloglou, B.; Lianou, M. |
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Modelling of light pollution in suburban areas using remotely sensed imagery and GIS |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
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Journal of Environmental Management |
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J Environ Manage |
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79 |
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1 |
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57-63 |
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Remote Sensing; Air Pollutants/*analysis; Cities; Environmental Monitoring/*methods; *Geographic Information Systems; Greece; Humans; *Light; Models, Theoretical; *Suburban Health |
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This paper describes a methodology for modelling light pollution using geographical information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) technology. The proposed approach attempts to address the issue of environmental assessment in sensitive suburban areas. The modern way of life in developing countries is conductive to environmental degradation in urban and suburban areas. One specific parameter for this degradation is light pollution due to intense artificial night lighting. This paper aims to assess this parameter for the Athens metropolitan area, using modern analytical and data capturing technologies. For this purpose, night-time satellite images and analogue maps have been used in order to create the spatial database of the GIS for the study area. Using GIS advanced analytical functionality, visibility analysis was implemented. The outputs for this analysis are a series of maps reflecting direct and indirect light pollution around the city of Athens. Direct light pollution corresponds to optical contact with artificial night light sources, while indirect light pollution corresponds to optical contact with the sky glow above the city. Additionally, the assessment of light pollution in different periods allows for dynamic evaluation of the phenomenon. The case study demonstrates high levels of light pollution in Athens suburban areas and its increase over the last decade. |
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Department of Geography, Harokopio University, El. Venizelou Str., Kalithea, 17671 Athens, Greece. xalkias@hua.gr |
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0301-4797 |
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PMID:16171928 |
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LoNNe @ kagoburian @ |
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729 |
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Doll, C.N.H.; Muller, J.-P.; Morley, J.G. |
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Title |
Mapping regional economic activity from night-time light satellite imagery |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Ecological Economics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ecological Economics |
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57 |
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1 |
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75-92 |
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Night-time light satellite imagery; Economic activity; Geographic information; Mapping; Scale |
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The recognition that the elements of the ‘anthropocene’ play a critical role in global change processes means that datasets describing elements of the socio-economic environment are becoming increasingly more desirable. The ability to present these data in a gridded format as opposed to the traditionally reported administrative units is advantageous for incorporation with other environmental datasets. Night-time light remote sensing data has been shown to correlate with national-level figures of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Night-time radiance data is analysed here along with regional economic productivity data for 11 European Union countries along with the United States at a number of sub-national levels. Night-time light imagery was found to correlate with Gross Regional Product (GRP) across a range of spatial scales. Maps of economic activity at 5 km resolution were produced based on the derived relationships. To produce these maps, certain areas had to be excluded due to their anomalously high levels of economic activity for the amount of total radiance present. These areas were treated separately from other areas in the map. These results provide the first detailed examination of night-time light characteristics with respect to local economic activity and highlight issues, which should be considered when undertaking such analysis. |
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0921-8009 |
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IDA @ john @ |
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124 |
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Author |
Cinzano, P.; Falchi, F.; Elvidge, C. |
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Recent progresses on a second world atlas of the night-sky brightness--LPTRAN/LPDART realistic models, tomography of light pollution, accurate validation methods and extended satellite data analysis |
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Conference Article |
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2006 |
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Meeting of the IAU Comm |
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50 |
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Remote Sensing |
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LoNNe @ kagoburian @ |
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