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Author |
Vetter, C. |
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Title |
Circadian disruption: What do we actually mean? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
The European Journal of Neuroscience |
Abbreviated Journal |
Eur J Neurosci |
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in press |
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Pages |
in press |
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Keywords |
Human Health; Review |
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Abstract |
The circadian system regulates physiology and behavior. Acute challenges to the system, such as those experienced during travel across time zones, will eventually result in re-synchronization to the local environmental time cues, but this re-synchronization is oftentimes accompanied by adverse short-term consequences. When such challenges are experienced chronically, adaptation may not be achieved, as for example in the case of rotating night shift workers. The transient and chronic disturbance of the circadian system is most frequently referred to as “circadian disruption”, but many other terms have been proposed and used to refer to similar situations. It is now beyond doubt that the circadian system contributes to health and disease, emphasizing the need for clear terminology when describing challenges to the circadian system and their consequences. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the terms used to describe disruption of the circadian system, discuss proposed quantifications of disruption in experimental and observational settings with a focus on human research, and highlight limitations and challenges of currently available tools. For circadian research to advance as a translational science, clear, operationalizable, and scalable quantifications of circadian disruption are key, as they will enable improved assessment and reproducibility of results, ideally ranging from mechanistic settings, including animal research, to large-scale randomized clinical trials. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. |
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Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA |
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0953-816X |
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PMID:30402904 |
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no |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2057 |
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Author |
Zerbini, G.; Kantermann, T.; Merrow, M. |
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Title |
Strategies to decrease social jetlag: Reducing evening blue light advances sleep and melatonin |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
The European Journal of Neuroscience |
Abbreviated Journal |
Eur J Neurosci |
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Volume |
in press |
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Keywords |
Human Health |
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Abstract |
The timing of sleep is under the control of the circadian clock, which uses light to entrain to the external light-dark cycle. A combination of genetic, physiological and environmental factors produces individual differences in chronotype (entrained phase as manifest in sleep timing). A mismatch between circadian and societal (e.g., work) clocks leads to a condition called social jetlag, which is characterized by changing sleep times over work and free days and accumulation of sleep debt. Social jetlag, which is prevalent in late chronotypes, has been related to several health issues. One way to reduce social jetlag would be to advance the circadian clock via modifications of the light environment. We thus performed two intervention field studies to describe methods for decreasing social jetlag. One study decreased evening light exposure (via blue-light-blocking glasses) and the other used increased morning light (via the use of curtains). We measured behaviour as well as melatonin; the latter in order to validate that behaviour was consistent with this neuroendocrinological phase marker of the circadian clock. We found that a decrease in evening blue light exposure led to an advance in melatonin and sleep onset on workdays. Increased morning light exposure advanced neither melatonin secretion nor sleep timing. Neither protocol led to a significant change in social jetlag. Despite this, our findings show that controlling light exposure at home can be effective in advancing melatonin secretion and sleep, thereby helping late chronotypes to better cope with early social schedules. |
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Institute of Medical Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany |
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0953-816X |
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PMID:30506899 |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2138 |
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Abbott, S.M.; Malkani, R.G.; Zee, P.C. |
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Title |
Circadian disruption and human health: A bidirectional relationship |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
The European Journal of Neuroscience |
Abbreviated Journal |
Eur J Neurosci |
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in press |
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Keywords |
Human Health; Review |
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Circadian rhythm disorders have been classically associated with disorders of abnormal timing of the sleep-wake cycle, however circadian dysfunction can play a role in a wide range of pathology, ranging from the increased risk for cardiometabolic disease and malignancy in shift workers, prompting the need for a new field focused on the larger concept of circadian medicine. The relationship between circadian disruption and human health is bidirectional, with changes in circadian amplitude often preceding the classical symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders. As our understanding of the importance of circadian dysfunction in disease grows, we need to develop better clinical techniques for identifying circadian rhythms and also develop circadian based strategies for disease management. Overall this review highlights the need to bring the concept of time to all aspects of medicine, emphasizing circadian medicine as a prime example of both personalized and precision medicine. |
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Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois |
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0953-816X |
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PMID:30549337 |
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no |
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Call Number |
GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2154 |
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Author |
Sanders, D.; Kehoe, R.; Cruse, D.; van Veen, F.J.F.; Gaston, K.J. |
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Title |
Low Levels of Artificial Light at Night Strengthen Top-Down Control in Insect Food Web |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Current Biology : CB |
Abbreviated Journal |
Curr Biol |
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28 |
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15 |
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2474-2478.e3 |
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Ecology; Animals |
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Artificial light has transformed the nighttime environment of large areas of the earth, with 88% of Europe and almost 50% of the United States experiencing light-polluted night skies [1]. The consequences for ecosystems range from exposure to high light intensities in the vicinity of direct light sources to the very widespread but lower lighting levels further away [2]. While it is known that species exhibit a range of physiological and behavioral responses to artificial nighttime lighting [e.g., 3-5], there is a need to gain a mechanistic understanding of whole ecological community impacts [6, 7], especially to different light intensities. Using a mesocosm field experiment with insect communities, we determined the impact of intensities of artificial light ranging from 0.1 to 100 lux on different trophic levels and interactions between species. Strikingly, we found the strongest impact at low levels of artificial lighting (0.1 to 5 lux), which led to a 1.8 times overall reduction in aphid densities. Mechanistically, artificial light at night increased the efficiency of parasitoid wasps in attacking aphids, with twice the parasitism rate under low light levels compared to unlit controls. However, at higher light levels, parasitoid wasps spent longer away from the aphid host plants, diminishing this increased efficiency. Therefore, aphids reached higher densities under increased light intensity as compared to low levels of lighting, where they were limited by higher parasitoid efficiency. Our study highlights the importance of different intensities of artificial light in driving the strength of species interactions and ecosystem functions. |
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Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK |
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0960-9822 |
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PMID:30057304 |
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no |
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Call Number |
GFZ @ kyba @ |
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2518 |
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Author |
Foster, J.J.; Smolka, J.; Nilsson, D.-E.; Dacke, M. |
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Title |
How animals follow the stars |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Proceedings. Biological Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc Biol Sci |
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Volume |
285 |
Issue |
1871 |
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Keywords |
Vision; Animals |
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Abstract |
Throughout history, the stars have provided humans with ever more information about our world, enabling increasingly accurate systems of navigation in addition to fuelling some of the greatest scientific controversies. What information animals have evolved to extract from a starry sky and how they do so, is a topic of study that combines the practical and theoretical challenges faced by both astronomers and field biologists. While a number of animal species have been demonstrated to use the stars as a source of directional information, the strategies that these animals use to convert this complex and variable pattern of dim-light points into a reliable 'stellar orientation' cue have been more difficult to ascertain. In this review, we assess the stars as a visual stimulus that conveys directional information, and compare the bodies of evidence available for the different stellar orientation strategies proposed to date. In this context, we also introduce new technologies that may aid in the study of stellar orientation, and suggest how field experiments may be used to characterize the mechanisms underlying stellar orientation. |
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Department of Biology, Lund University, Solvegatan 35, Lund 223 62, Sweden |
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0962-8452 |
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PMID:29367394 |
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Call Number |
LoNNe @ kyba @ |
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1802 |
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