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Levin, N.; Ali, S.; Crandall, D. |
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Title |
Utilizing remote sensing and big data to quantify conflict intensity: The Arab Spring as a case study |
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Journal Article |
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2018 |
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Applied Geography |
Abbreviated Journal |
Applied Geography |
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94 |
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1-17 |
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Keywords |
Remote Sensing; Society; Human Health |
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Abstract |
Tracking global and regional conflict zones requires spatially explicit information in near real-time. Here, we examined the potential of remote sensing time-series data (night lights) and big data (data mining of news events and Flickr photos) for monitoring and understanding crisis development and refugee flows. We used the recent Arab Spring as a case study, and examined temporal trends in monthly time series of variables which we hypothesized to indicate conflict intensity, covering all Arab countries. Both Flickr photos and night-time lights proved as sensitive indicators for loss of economic and human capital, and news items from the Global Data on Events, Location and Tone (GDELT) project on fight events were positively correlated with actual deaths from conflicts. We propose that big data and remote sensing datasets have potential to provide disaggregated and timely data on conflicts where official statistics are lacking, offering an effective approach for monitoring geopolitical and environmental changes on Earth. |
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0143-6228 |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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1918 |
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Giraudeau, M.; Sepp, T.; Ujvari, B.; Ewald, P.W.; Thomas, F. |
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Title |
Human activities might influence oncogenic processes in wild animal populations |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2018 |
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Nature Ecology & Evolution |
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Nat Ecol Evol |
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2 |
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1065-1070 |
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Keywords |
Commentary; Animals |
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Based on the abundant studies available on humans showing clear associations between rapid environmental changes and the rate of neoplasia, we propose that human activities might increase cancer rate in wild populations through numerous processes. Most of the research on this topic has concentrated on wildlife cancer prevalence in environments that are heavily contaminated with anthropogenic chemicals. Here, we propose that human activities might also increase cancer rate in wild populations through additional processes including light pollution, accidental (for example, human waste) or intentional (for example, bird feeders) wildlife feeding (and the associated change of diet), or reduction of genetic diversity in human-impacted habitats. The human species can thus be defined as an oncogenic species, moderating the environment in the way that it causes cancer in other wild populations. As human impacts on wildlife are predicted to increase rather than decrease (for example, in the context of urbanization), acknowledging the possible links between human activity and cancer in wild populations is crucial. |
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MIVEGEC, Montpellier, France. frederic.thomas2@ird.fr |
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English |
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2397-334X |
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PMID:29784981 |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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1921 |
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Linares, H.; Masana, E.; Ribas, S.J.; Garcia - Gil, M.; Figueras, F.; Aubé, M. |
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Modelling the night sky brightness and light pollution sources of Montsec protected area |
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Journal Article |
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2018 |
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Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer |
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Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer |
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217 |
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178-188 |
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skyglow |
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We proceeded to the modelling of the night sky brightness of Montsec area (north-east of Spain), an astronomical protected area certified as a Starlight Reserve. We have used the hyperspectral version of ILLUMINA, an artificial sky brightness model. Ground based measurements for Montsec and other areas of Catalonia 0015 ; 0016, including both photometric and spectroscopic data, has been used to fit and evaluate the input parameters of the model. In this first modelling attempt, Lleida, the biggest city in the area, has been considered as the unique source of light pollution. In 2014 there was an update of the lighting infrastructure in Lleida. A detailed comparison of the sky brightness before and after the change is shown in order to measure the effects that different kind of lamps can produce. This information could be used to plan for future updates and improvements of the lighting systems in the area. |
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0022-4073 |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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1923 |
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Author |
Martinez, L. R. |
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Title |
How Much Should We Trust the Dictator's GDP Estimates? |
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Journal Article |
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2018 |
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SSRN |
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Economics; Remote Sensing |
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I study the manipulation of GDP statistics in weak and non-democracies. I show that the elasticity of official GDP figures to nighttime lights is systematically larger in more authoritarian regimes. This autocracy gradient in the night-lights elasticity of GDP cannot be explained by differences in a wide range of factors that may affect the mapping of night lights to GDP, such as economic structure, statistical capacity, rates of urbanization or electrification. The gradient is larger when there is a stronger incentive to exaggerate economic performance (years of low growth, before elections or after becoming ineligible for foreign aid) and is only present for GDP sub-components that rely on government information and have low third-party verification. The results indicate that yearly GDP growth rates are inflated by a factor of between 1.15 and 1.3 in the most authoritarian regimes. Correcting for manipulation substantially changes our understanding of comparative economic performance at the turn of the XXI century. |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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1926 |
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Author |
Cai, W.; Yue, J.; Dai, Q.; Hao, L.; Lin, Y.; Shi, W.; Huang, Y.; Wei, M. |
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Title |
The impact of room surface reflectance on corneal illuminance and rule-of-thumb equations for circadian lighting design |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Building and Environment |
Abbreviated Journal |
Building and Environment |
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Volume |
141 |
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288-297 |
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Keywords |
Lighting |
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Abstract |
Recently, corneal illuminance attracts much attention because it is closely related to important functions of indoor lighting. Especially, applying circadian light in the built environment places a challenging requirement on indirect corneal illuminance. In this work, rule-of-thumb equations are proposed to guide circadian lighting design: (i) for artificial lighting, Ecor,avg (i) = (Φ/C1) · ρ/(1−ρ′), where Ecor,avg (i) is the average indirect corneal illuminance at standing or sitting positions, Φ is the initial flux from luminaires, C1 is a constant comparable to the total room surface area, ρ is the reflectance of the surface where the first reflection occurs, and ρ′ is the area-weighted average of surface reflectance; and (ii) for daylighting, Ecor,avg (i) = C2 · WWR · ρ/(1−ρ′), where C2 is a constant, and WWR represents the window-to-wall ratio.
The equations above are validated by comparing against numerical simulation data obtained with the Radiance software. For artificial lighting simulation, various combinations of room surface reflectance, initial light distribution, and WWR are investigated; and for daylighting simulation, different combinations of surface reflectance, WWR, and geographic location are analyzed. The good fits to simulation data indicate that the proposed simple equations can provide reasonably accurate results for quick feedback at the field. It is also demonstrated that room surface reflectance has a dominant impact on indirect corneal illuminance. The approach of improving surface reflectance is more favorable than increasing luminaire flux or expanding window area, and therefore should be the recommended approach to achieve quality and efficient circadian lighting. |
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0360-1323 |
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GFZ @ kyba @ |
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1929 |
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