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Taillard, J., Capelli, A., Sagaspe, P., Anund, A., Akerstedt, T., & Philip, P. (2012). In-car nocturnal blue light exposure improves motorway driving: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One, 7(10), e46750.
Abstract: Prolonged wakefulness greatly decreases nocturnal driving performance. The development of in-car countermeasures is a future challenge to prevent sleep-related accidents. The aim of this study is to determine whether continuous exposure to monochromatic light in the short wavelengths (blue light), placed on the dashboard, improves night-time driving performance. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, 48 healthy male participants (aged 20-50 years) drove 400 km (250 miles) on motorway during night-time. They randomly and consecutively received either continuous blue light exposure (GOLite, Philips, 468 nm) during driving or 2*200 mg of caffeine or placebo of caffeine before and during the break. Treatments were separated by at least 1 week. The outcomes were number of inappropriate line crossings (ILC) and mean standard deviation of the lateral position (SDLP). Eight participants (17%) complained about dazzle during blue light exposure and were removed from the analysis. Results from the 40 remaining participants (mean age +/- SD: 32.9+/-11.1) showed that countermeasures reduced the number of inappropriate line crossings (ILC) (F(2,91.11) = 6.64; p<0.05). Indeed, ILC were lower with coffee (12.51 [95% CI, 5.86 to 19.66], p = 0.001) and blue light (14.58 [CI, 8.75 to 22.58], p = 0.003) than with placebo (26.42 [CI, 19.90 to 33.71]). Similar results were found for SDLP. Treatments did not modify the quality, quantity and timing of 3 subsequent nocturnal sleep episodes. Despite a lesser tolerance, a non-inferior efficacy of continuous nocturnal blue light exposure compared with caffeine suggests that this in-car countermeasure, used occasionally, could be used to fight nocturnal sleepiness at the wheel in blue light-tolerant drivers, whatever their age. More studies are needed to determine the reproducibility of data and to verify if it can be generalized to women. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01070004.
Keywords: Adult; *Automobile Driving; Caffeine/pharmacology; Coffee/chemistry; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Fatigue/*prevention & control; Humans; Light; Male; Middle Aged; *Photic Stimulation; Placebos; Psychomotor Performance/drug effects/radiation effects; Reproducibility of Results; Sleep Deprivation; Sleep Stages/radiation effects; Wakefulness/drug effects/physiology/*radiation effects; blue light
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Thorn, L., Hucklebridge, F., Esgate, A., Evans, P., & Clow, A. (2004). The effect of dawn simulation on the cortisol response to awakening in healthy participants. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29(7), 925–930.
Abstract: Bright light exposure after awakening has been shown to elevate cortisol levels in healthy participants. The present study examined the effect of dawn simulation (a treatment for seasonal affective disorder) on the cortisol response to awakening and mood. Twelve healthy participants were supplied with a dawn simulator (The Natural Alarm Clock, Outside In, Cambridge Ltd), a bedside light that increases in intensity prior to awakening to approximately 250 lux over 30 mins when an audible alarm sounds. A counterbalanced study was performed on 4 consecutive normal weekdays, two of which were control days (no dawn simulation) and two experimental (dawn simulation). Saliva samples were taken immediately on awakening then at 15, 30 and 45 minutes post awakening on all 4 study-days. Total cortisol production during the first 45 mins after awakening was found to be significantly higher in the experimental condition than in the control condition. Participants also reported greater arousal in the experimental condition and there was a trend for an association between increased arousal and increased cortisol secretory activity under dawn simulation. This study provides supportive evidence for the role of light and the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the awakening cortisol response.
Keywords: Human Health; Adult; Affect/*physiology/radiation effects; Arousal/*physiology/radiation effects; Circadian Rhythm/*physiology; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone/analysis/*physiology/radiation effects; *Light; Male; Middle Aged; Reference Values; Saliva/chemistry; Wakefulness/*physiology/radiation effects
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Wood, J. M., Tyrrell, R. A., & Carberry, T. P. (2005). Limitations in drivers' ability to recognize pedestrians at night. Hum Factors, 47(3), 644–653.
Abstract: This study quantified drivers' ability to recognize pedestrians at night. Ten young and 10 older participants drove around a closed road circuit and responded when they first recognized a pedestrian. Four pedestrian clothing and two beam conditions were tested. Results demonstrate that driver age, clothing configuration, headlamp beam, and glare all significantly affect performance. Drivers recognized only 5% of pedestrians in the most challenging condition (low beams, black clothing, glare), whereas drivers recognized 100% of the pedestrians who wore retroreflective clothing configured to depict biological motion (no glare). In the absence of glare, mean recognition distances varied from 0.0 m (older drivers, low beam, black clothing) to 220 m (722 feet; younger drivers, high beam, retroreflective biomotion). These data provide new motivation to minimize interactions between vehicular and pedestrian traffic at night and suggest garment designs to maximize pedestrian conspicuity when these interactions are unavoidable.
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Zhang, S., Wang, Y., Zhu, Y., Li, X., Song, Y., & Yuan, J. (2020). Rotating Night Shift Work, Exposure to Light at Night, and Glomerular Filtration Rate: Baseline Results from a Chinese Occupational Cohort. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(23).
Abstract: The misalignment between the circadian clock and behavioral cycles has been implicated in pathogenesis of many diseases. The main purpose of this study is to examine the association between rotating night shift work, exposure to light at night, and glomerular filtration rate among steelworkers in north China. A total of 6869 steelworkers, aged 22 to 60 years, were included in this study. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between night shift work, the brightness of bedroom ambient light at night (LAN), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), with adjustment for potential confounders. Mediation analysis was performed to examine the mediation effect of potential mediators on the association of duration of night shifts and eGFR. Long duration of night shift work (>/=29 years) had elevated odds of decreased eGFR (</=89 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) (odds ratio (OR), 1.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09-1.73) compared with day work after adjustment for potential confounders. The association between duration of night shifts and eGFR (continuous) was partially modified by diastolic blood pressure (average causal mediation effect (ACME), -0.077, 95% CI -0.134 to -0.030, p < 0.001). No significant associations were observed among the different brightness of bedroom ambient light levels: middle level (OR, 0.90, 95% CI 0.77-1.05), lightest level (OR, 0.94, 95% CI 0.75-1.18), and decreased eGFR compared with the darkest level. Long-term night-shift work, rather than the brightness of bedroom ambient LAN, is associated with early stage of renal dysfunction in steelworkers, and blood pressure may mediate the relationship between night shift work and decreased eGFR.
Keywords: Human health; Adult; Asian Continental Ancestry Group; China/epidemiology; Circadian Rhythm; Female; *Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; *Shift Work Schedule/adverse effects; Uric Acid; Work Schedule Tolerance; Young Adult; *light at night; *night shift work; *renal function
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